Chapter 32

 Introduction to Animal
Evolution
Definition
 Unique characteristics:
 Heterotrophic eukaryotes; ingestion
 Lack cell walls; collagen
 Nervous & muscular tissue
 Sexual; diploid; cleavage; blastula; gastrulation; larvae; metamorphosis
 Regulatory genes: Hox genes
 Animal phylogeny & diversity, I
 Monophyletic; colonial flagellated protist
ancestor
 1- Parazoa-Eumetazoa dichotomy: sponges
(Parazoa)~ no true tissues; all other animals
(Eumetazoa)~ true tissues
 2- Radiata-Bilateria dichotomy: Cnidaria
(hydra; ‘jellyfish’; sea anemones) &
Ctenophora (comb jellies)~ radial body
symmetry; all other animals~ bilateral body
symmetry (also: cephalization)
 Animal phylogeny & diversity, II
 3- Gastrulation: germ layer development;
ectoderm (outer), mesoderm (middle),
endoderm (inner); radiata are diploblastic-2
layers; no mesoderm; bilateria are
triploblastic-all 3 layers
 4- Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, and
Coelomate Grades: triploblastic animals~
solid body, no body cavity called
acoelomates (Platyhelminthes-flatworms);
body cavity, but not lined with mesoderm
called pseudocoelomates (Rotifers); true
coelom (body cavity) lined with mesoderm
called coelomate
Animal phylogeny & diversity, III
 5- Protostome-Deuterostome
dichotomy among coelomates:
protostomes (mollusks, annelids,
arthropods); deuterostomes
(echinoderms, chordates)
 a) cleavage: protostomes~ spiral and
determinate; deuterotomes~ radial and
indeterminate
 b) coelom formation: protostomes~
schizocoelous; deuterostomes~
enterocoelous
 c) blastopore fate: protostomes~ mouth
from blastopore; deuterostomes~ anus
from blastopore
Phylum - ANNELIDA
 earthworm
 http://biog-101-
104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/
animals/earthworm.html
 http://www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Lab-
6b/Index-Lab-6b.htm
Phylum: Arthropoda

 Crayfish
 http://biog-101-
104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animal
s/crayfish.html

 Grasshopper
 http://wwwbio200.nsm.buffalo.edu/labs/tutor/Gras
shopper/
Phylum - ASCHELMINTHES
 Mollusca
 http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/z
ool250/Labs/Lab06/Lab06.htm
Phylum: Porifera
 http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.G
regory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/
Animal%20Diversity/Lower%20Invertebrates/spo
nges.htm#Cnidarians%20(Phylum%20Cnidaria)
 http://www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Lab-
3b/Index-Lab-3b.htm


Cnidaria
 Jellyfish
 http://www.delawareonline.com/article/200
80815/MULTIMEDIA03/80814042
Phylum: Chordata
 Perch
 http://www.bio200.buffalo.edu/labs/tutor/Pe
rch/Perch.html
Phylum: Mollusca

 Clam
 http://wwwbio200.nsm.buffalo.edu/labs/tuto
r/Clam/
 Squid
 http://wwwbio200.nsm.buffalo.edu/labs/tuto
r/Squid/
Echinoderm
 Starfish
 http://www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Lab-
8b/Index-Lab-8b.htm
Platyhelminthes
 Nematode
 http://www.bioweb.uwlax.edu/zoolab/Lab-
4b/Index-Lab-4b.htm
Phylum Brachlopoda
 Lamp shells
 http://www.biology.ualberta.ca/courses.hp/z
ool250/Labs/Lab11/Lab11.htm