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What is Soil ?
4. Chemical admixtures
5. Geotextiles
2. MINIMIZE CHANGE IN WATER CONTENT
• heavy rainfall
• unauthorized quarrying
Methods Used in the Stabilization/Protection of Slopes
will depends on the type of soil and height of slope:
• Flattening
• Sodding or Sprigging
• Paving
• Rock Buttress
• Gabions
• Reinforced Earth
FLATTENING
Applications
• Slope reinforcement
• Shore Protection
• Bridge abutments
• Erosion Control
DPWH STANDARD SPECIFICTIONS
The subbase materials should be well graded and should conform to the
following grading requirements as tested by ASSHTO T 11 and T 27
- The fraction passing the 0.075 mm (No. 200) sieve shall not be greater than
0.66 (2/3) of the fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve.
Liquid Limit: (Tested by AASHTO T 89)
- The fraction passing 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a Liquid Limit of not
greater than 35
- The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a plasticity index
(PI) of not greater than 12
- The coarse portion, retained on a 2.0 mm (No. 10) sieve shall have a mass
percent of wear not exceeding 50 by the Los Angeles Abrasion Tests.
CBR Value: (Tested by AASHTO T 193)
- The material shall shall have a soaked CBR value of not less than 30%. This
value shall obtained at the maximum dry density (MDD) as determined by
ASSHTO T 180, Method D)
Construction Requirements:
- where the required thickness is 150 mm or less, the material may be spread and
compacted in one-layer.
- where the required thickness is more than 150 mm, the aggregate subbase shall
be spread and compacted into two (2) or more layers of approximately equal
thickness and the maximum compacted thickness of any one (1) layer shall not
exceed 150 mm
- the moisture content of subbase material shall, if necessary be adjusted prior to
compaction by watering with approve sprinklers mounted on trucks or by drying
out, as required in order to obtain the required compaction.
- on curbs headers and walls and all places not accessible to the roller, the
subbase materials shall be compacted thoroughly with approved tampers or
compactors.
- compaction of each layer shall have a field density of at least 100 percent of the
maximum dry density determined in accordance with AASHTO T-180, Method D
- before subbase construction is started, a trial section shall be conducted in order
to check the suitability of the materials and the efficiency of the equipment and
construction method which is proposed to be used by the contractor.
- one trial section of about 500 m2 shall be made for every type of material
and/or construction equipment/procedure propose for use.
Allowable Tolerances to the Designed Level and
Transverse Slopes for a Compacted Aggregate Subbase
• The base course is a structural layer installed between the surface pavement layer
and subbase of either flexible or rigid pavement. Their purpose is to help transition
surface loads from pavement to the subbase, evenly support the pavement surface
profile and potect the overall pavement system from water intrusion and
deformation.
- The fraction passing 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a Liquid Limit of not
greater than 25
- The fraction passing the 0.425 mm (No. 40) sieve shall have a plasticity index
(PI) of not greater than 6
- The coarse portion, retained on a 2.0 mm (No. 10) sieve shall have a mass
percent of wear not exceeding 50.
CBR Value: (Tested by AASHTO T 193)
- The material passing the 19 mm (3/4 in.) shall have a soaked CBR value not less
than 80%. The CBR value shall be obtained at MDD by AASHTO T 180, Method
D
CONSTRUCTION REQUIREMENTS
- Crushed Aggregates
- Take all the increments from the roadway for the full
depth of the material, taking care to exclude the
underlying material.
REQUIREMENTS FOR SUBMISSION OF SOILS & SOIL AGGREGATE SAMPLES
b. Compaction &
50 kg.
CBR
CLASSIFICATION OF SOILS AND SOIL AGGREGATES
AASHTO Designation 145 - 87
1. Prepare the test data of soil materials obtained from the result
of test on sieve analysis at sieve nos. 2.00 mm ( # 10 ), 0.425 mm
( # 40 ), 0.075 mm ( # 200 ), and result of tests on liquid limit and
plasticity index,
3. The first group from the left into which the test data will fit is the
correct classification. All limiting teat values are shown as a whole
number and if fractional numbers appears on the test reports,
convert to the nearest whole number for the purposes of classi-
fication.