Chemistry project

Done By – Viral, Manan, Kush,

Naitik, Parthiv, Viraj
Solution
A solution is a special type of homogenous
mixture composed of two or more substances.
 Components of a
solution
Solute
Solvent
 Solute
 A solute is defined as the substance that is dissolved in a
solution.
 Example:
 An everyday example of a solute is salt in water Salt is
the solute that dissolves in water, the solvent, to form a
saline solution.
 Solvent
 A solvent is the component of a solution that is present in
the greatest amount. It is the substance in which the
solute is dissolved.
 Examples:
 The solvent for seawater is water.
 The solvent for air is nitrogen.

 Generally a substance in lesser quantity is the solute and

that in greater quantity is solvent.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS ON THE BASIS OF
WATER AS SOLVENT:
AQUEOUS SOLUTION:
 A solution of a substance in water is known as aqueous solution.
 For example: A solution of common salt, sugar and copper sulphate in
water are all Aqueous solutions.

NON-AQUEOUS SOLUTION:
 Solutions of substances in a solvent other than water are called non-
aqueous solutions.
 Tincture of iodine is an example of non-aqueous solution with alcohol as a
solvent.
  List of some common solutes
and solvents
Solutes Solvents
Iodine Ethyl alcohol

Rust Oxalis acid

Sulphur Carbon disulphide

Grease Petrol
 TYPES OF SOLUTIONS ON THE BASIS OF
THE AMOUNT OF SOLUTE ADDED:
o UNSATURATED SOLUTION: An unsaturated is one that
can dissolve more solute at a definite temperature. It means that
we can still add more solute to the solvent.

o SATURATED SOLUTION: A solution is said to be

saturated when we can’t add any more solute to the solvent. This
means that the solution cant dissolve any more solute at a definite
temperature.

o SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION:A supersaturated

solution is one where the solute is present in an excess amount. This
solute is dissolved forcefully by raising the temperature or pressure of
the solution. These generally crystal out in the bottom by the
method called crystallisation.
 WHAT IS A TRUE SOLUTION?
 True Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances.
Simple solution of sugar in water is an example of true solution. In this
type of solution, particles of the solute arrange themselves between
the particles of the solvent.

 PROPERTIES OF A TRUE SOLUTION:

o The particles of solute in a solution cannot be seen by the naked eye.
o The solution does not allow beams of light to scatter.
o The solution is clear and transparent.
o The solute from a solution cannot be separated by filtration (or
mechanically).
o The solute particles do not settle down even on long standing.
o The solute particles in a true solution have the dimensions of the order of
10^-8 cm in diameter.
 SOLUBILITY:
Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or
gaseous chemical substance which is to dissolve
in a solvent.
FACTORS AFFECTING SOLUBILITY OF A SUBSTANCE:
o PRESSURE:
Increasing pressure will increase the solubility of a gas in a solvent.

o TEMPERATURE:
As the temperature of a solution is increased, the average kinetic energy of
the molecules that make up the solution also increases and thereby increasing
solubility of substance.

o NATURE OF SOLUTE AND SOLVENT:

The changes in the amount of solutes and solvents vary the solubility of a
substance.
 SOLUBILITY CURVES:
The graph between the solubility of a substance and temperature at
which such solubility has been determined is called solubility curve.

SOLUBILITY OF GASES IN WATER:

Since the forces of attraction between gas molecules are small, the
gases present in air dissolve to some extent in water. The solubility of
gases in water decreases with the increase in temperature. Hence,
dissolved gases can be removed by boiling.

IMPORTANCE OF DISSOLVED AIR IN WATER:

The survival of aquatic organisms depends upon the gases dissolved in
water.
Oxygen: Aquatic plants and animals used oxygen dissolved in water to
respire.
Carbon-dioxide: Dissolved carbon-dioxide in water is used by plants to
make their food.