Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
by
Hilaire Thomas
Sputum:
• Many of the bacteria which are known to cause lower respiratory tract
infections may be present in the oropharynx as part of the normal flora
e.g., staphylococci, pneumococci, and gram negative rods.
• Cellular elements
• Non-cellular elements
Cellular Elements of Sputum
• Macrophages are mobile cells which can be found in many body tissues.
• They are derived mainly from monocytes which circulate in the
bloodstream.
• They accumulate at any site of subacute or chronic inflammation. In the
transition from monocyte to macrophage, the cells become highly
phagocytic so that a macrophage is defined as a mononuclear cell which
contains phagocytosed particles.
• Alveolar macrophages are normal inhabitants of the alveolar spaces and
airways. They are very dense cells with a single nucleus which is usually
located to one side of the cell.
• The dense frothy cytoplasm often obscures the nucleus.
• The identity of the cells may be confirmed by the presence of
phagocytosed black dust particles.
• The function of these cells is to remove from the inhaled air any
remaining particulate matter which has escaped the filtration system of
the upper respiratory tract.
Characteristics of Alveolar Macrophages
• Multi-lobed nuclei
• Granular cytoplasm
• Cytoplasm sometimes contains
phagocytosed bacteria
Polys are sometimes difficult to identify under low power. They are small cells
and their multi-lobed nuclei are usually just visible at this magnification.
At high power the intact poly is easily identified by its multi-lobed nucleus
and granular cytoplasm.
The nuclei are often more difficult to see when the cells are imbedded in mucus.
Degenerating cells are often present. The cell walls of these cells are disrupted
and the cytoplasm leaks out. The nuclei usually remain intact and the identity
of the cel1 can be established from this.
Mononuclear Cells
• Mucus threads
• Curschmann’s spirals
• Bacteria
• Yeasts
Mucus
Mucus
Report either:
“Alveolar macrophages present“,
or
“No alveolar macrophages seen”.
Report mucus only when it is present.
Report:
“Mucus present”.
Polys, mononuclear cells, and epithelial cells are
reported with an approximate quantitative value.
The average number of each type of cell per low
power field in a representative area of the smear
is recorded.
Quantitation of Cells
• Organisms that are seen between once in every ten fields and
once in every field are reported as “Few”
• More than one organism per field but less than 50 per field is
reported as “Moderate”