PROBLEM 5

GI TRACT 2014
MARSELLA EPIFANIA
405140166
 IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)

• Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common disorder that affects the

large intestine (colon)
• Doesn't cause changes in bowel tissue or increase your risk of
colorectal cancer.
 IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)

Symptoms
• Abdominal pain or cramping
• A bloated feeling
• Gas
• Diarrhea or constipation — sometimes alternating bouts of constipation and diarrhea
• Mucus in the stool
Symptoms that may indicate a more serious condition include:
• Rectal bleeding
• Abdominal pain that progresses or occurs at night
• Weight loss
 IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)

• It's not known exactly what causes irritable bowel syndrome

• Abnormalities in your gastrointestinal nervous system also may play a role, causing you
to experience greater than normal discomfort when your abdomen stretches from gas
or stool (pain, diarrhea or constipation)
Triggers IBS
• Food (chocolate, spices, fats, fruits, beans, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, milk, carbonated
beverages and alcohol)
• Stress
• Hormones. Because women are twice as likely to have IBS, researchers believe that
hormonal changes play a role in this condition
• Other illnesses. Sometimes another illness, such as an acute episode of infectious diarrhea
(gastroenteritis) or too many bacteria in the intestines (bacterial overgrowth), can trigger IBS.
 IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)

Risk factors
• Are young. IBS tends to occur in people under age 45.
• Are female. Overall, about twice as many women as men have the condition.
• Have a family history of IBS. Studies suggest that people who have a family member
with IBS may be at increased risk of the condition.
• Have a mental health problem. Anxiety, depression, a personality disorder and a
history of childhood sexual abuse are risk factors. For women, domestic abuse may be a
risk factor as well.
 IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME (IBS)

Complications
• Diarrhea and constipation, both signs of irritable bowel
syndrome, can aggravate hemorrhoids. In addition, if you
avoid certain foods, you may not get enough of the
nutrients you need, leading to malnourishment.
 AMEBIASIS

Intestinal conditions resulting from E histolytica infection include the

following:
• Asymptomatic infection
• Symptomatic noninvasive infection
• Acute proctocolitis (dysentery)
• Fulminant colitis with perforation
• Toxic megacolon
• Chronic nondysenteric colitis
• Ameboma
• Perianal ulceration
 AMEBIASIS

• Extraintestinal conditions resulting from E histolytica infection

include the following:
• Liver abscess
• Pleuropulmonary disease
• Peritonitis
• Pericarditis
• Brain abscess
• Genitourinary disease
AMEBIASIS
 AMEBIASIS

• Amebiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the protozoal organism E

histolytica,which can give rise both to intestinal disease (eg, colitis) and to
various extraintestinal manifestations, including liver abscess (most
common) and pleuropulmonary, cardiac, and cerebral dissemination.
• E histolytica is transmitted primarily through the fecal-oral route. Infective
cysts can be found in fecally contaminated food and water supplies and
contaminated hands of food handlers. Sexual transmission is possible,
especially in the setting of oral-anal practices (anilingus). Poor nutrition,
through its effect on immunity, has been found to be a risk factor for
amebiasis.[17]
 CROHN'S DISEASE

• Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It causes

inflammation of the lining of your digestive tract, which can lead to
abdominal pain, severe diarrhea, fatigue, weight loss and malnutrition.
• The inflammation caused by Crohn's disease often spreads deep into the
layers of affected bowel tissue
• While there's no known cure for Crohn's disease, therapies can greatly
reduce its signs and symptoms and even bring about long-term remission.
 CROHN’S DISEASE

Sign and Symptoms

• Diarrhea
• Fever and fatigue
• Abdominal pain and cramping
• Blood in your stool
• Mouth sores
• Reduced appetite and weight loss
• Perianal disease
 CROHN’S DISEASE

People with severe Crohn's disease may also experience:

• Inflammation of skin, eyes and joints
• Inflammation of the liver or bile ducts
• Delayed growth or sexual development, in children
 CROHN’S DISEASE

Causes
The exact cause of Crohn's disease remains unknown.
• Immune system
• Heredity
 CROHN’S DISEASE

Risk Factors
Age
Ethnicity
Family history
Cigarette smoking
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications
Where you live
 CROHN’S DISEASE

Complications
Inflammation
Bowel obstruction
Ulcers
Fistulas
Anal fissure.
Malnutrition
Colon cancer
Other health problems
Medication risks
 CROHN’S DISEASE

Test and Diagnostic

Blood tests
• Tests for anemia or infection
• Fecal occult blood test
Colonoscopy
Flexible sigmoidoscopy
Computerized tomography (CT)
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Capsule endoscopy
Double-balloon endoscopy
Small bowel imaging
 CROHN’S DISEASE

• Anti-inflammatory drugs
• Anti-inflammatory drugs are often the first step in the treatment of
inflammatory bowel disease. They include:
• Oral 5-aminosalicylates. These drugs may be helpful if Crohn's
disease affects your colon, but they aren't helpful treating disease in the
small intestine(sulfasalazine (Azulfidine), which contains sulfa, and
mesalamine (Asacol, Delzicol, Pentasa, Lialda, Apriso))
• Corticosteroids (prednisone)
 CROHN’S DISEASE

• Immune system suppressors

• Azathioprine (Imuran) and mercaptopurine (Purinethol)
• Infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira) and
certolizumab pegol (Cimzia)
• Methotrexate (Rheumatrex).
• Cyclosporine (Gengraf, Neoral, Sandimmune) and tacrolimus
(Astagraf XL, Hecoria)
• Natalizumab (Tysabri) and vedolizumab (Entyvio)
• Ustekinumab (Stelara)
 CROHN’S DISEASE

• Antibiotics
• Metronidazole (Flagyl) ( bisa juga utk parasit)
• Ciprofloxacin (Cipro). (kalau ada bakteri baru kasih ini)
 CROHN’S DISEASE

• Non-pharmacology
• Limit dairy products
• Try low-fat foods
• Limit fiber, if it's a problem food
• Avoid other problem foods. Spicy foods, alcohol, and caffeine may make
your signs and symptoms wo
 CROHN’S DISEASE

• Non-pharmacology
• Stop smoking
• Manage Stress
• Exercise
• Regular relaxation and breathing excersises
 LEARNING SOURCE

• http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-
syndrome/basics/complications/con-20024578
• http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-
syndrome/basics/risk-factors/con-20024578
• http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-
syndrome/basics/causes/con-20024578
• http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/irritable-bowel-
syndrome/basics/definition/con-20024578