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Lecture - X
FUNCTION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• Ingestion
– the act of eating or ingesting
• Digestion
– process of breaking food into small enough
molecules for the body to absorb
• Absorption
– process of absorbing small molecules from
the digestive compartment into bloodstream
• Egestion/elimintion
– act of eliminating undigested materials from
the
digestive compartment
Organs of
digestive
system:
1. Mouth
2. Digestive
tract
3. Gland
1. Lips
2. Jaws with teeth
3. Palatoglosal arch
4. Palatine tonsil
5. Uvula
6. Fauces
7. Tongue
8. Opening of
Oral cavity (cavum oris): surounded by submandibular ducts
tunica mucossa consisted of stratified
squamous epithelia
Lips (Labia oris)
1. Facies externa + rubrum labii
a. Epidermis
b. Papila corii
c. Sudorifera & sebacea
glands
d. Hair follicles
2. Facies interna
a. m.mucosa cavum oris
b. Nonkeratinized Stratified
squamous epithelium
c. Connective tissue with
glandula labialis
Tongue (lingua)
a. Mucosa upper surface
– Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
– Papillae, some with taste buds
– Lamina propria, very dense ( connects to muscle layers.)
b. Mucosa lower surface
– Non-keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
– NO papillae
– Lamina propria connects to sub mucosa
c. Sub-mucosa
– Not on the upper surface
– well developed on the under side (layer of loose fibroelastic connective tissue)
– Glands, mucous and serous
– Lingual tonsils - single grypt at base of tongue, numerous lymphoid nodules
d. Muscularis externa
– Skeletal muscle fibers
– Muscle bundles which run in three planes. (Major characteristic)
Tongue Papilae
A B
Human, Zenker's fluid, iron hematoxylin and aldehyde fuchsin stains, 162 x.
Teeth
a. CROWN
• Enamel Corona
• Dentin dentis
• Pulp cavity
b. NECK
a. ROOT (RADIX)
• Dentin
• Root canal
• cementum
13
i. Enamel
– The hardest part of the body
– Composition: 97% Ca ( anorganic compound: Ca
phosphate (90%), CaCO3, Mg phsphate, CaCl2);
organic compund 3% and water
– Matrix is secreted by ameloblast
– Enamel prisms or rods. Perpendicular to tooth
surface.
– No collagen
– Calcified ground interprismatic substance makes
up the thinner layer between adjacent prisms.
ii. Dentin
– structure and composition similar to the bone
– 72-80% anorganic compound (hydroxyapatite)
– 20% collagen fibers, glycosaminoglycans, Ca and water
– Granular layer of Tomes : an area of dentine just under
the cementum where the canal system is very
irregular.
– Cytoplasmic proccesus originated from odontoblast
(inside the pulp) form radial thin canal
iii. Cementum
– Thin layer surounding the root
– 1/3 (upper) part is non cellular
– 2/3 (lower) part is composed of cementocyte (in
lacuna)
– structure and composition similar to the bone but
there is no Haverian canal and vasculature.
– The harverian canal apprear with age.
iv. Pulp
– Loose connective tissue, composed of blood vessels,
nerve fibers, collagen and reticuline fibers,
glycosaminoglycans, odontoblast and fibroblast.
–
– Myelinated axon extended to the tooth apex
Odontoblst form interbridges and terminal barr
v. Periodontalis membrane
– composed of dense connective tissue
– fiber penetrate into the cementumand bind to bone
wall (periostium of alveolar bone)
a. Esophagus
b. Stomach (gaster)
c. Small intestine (duodenum, Illeum, yeyenum)
d. Large intestine (caecum, colon rectum)
e. Anus
Layers of the Digestive Tract
1) mucosa – produces mucus
a. epithelium-- villi (in particular part);
b. lamina propria
c. muscularis mucosa
2) submucosa –
a. Dense irregular connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics
b. Sub mucosal glands
c. Meisner's nerve plexes (parasympathetic ganglia)
3) muscularis externa –
a. Smooth muscle
b. 2 layers, inner circular, outer longitudinal
c. Auerbach's plexes (myenteric)
4) serosa – outer fibrous coating or visceral peritoneum
a. Mesothelium
b. Simple squamous & C.T.
c. Rich in blood vessels, lymph and some adipose
d. Adventitial - loose irregular C.T.
Histology of digestive tract
2.a. Esophagus
• 25 cm long
• muscularized passageway to stomach, two
sphincters : upper and lower
• peristalsis begins here
rhythmic waves of contraction by smooth
muscles in the wall of the canal
•
ruminants (cud-chewers), ruminating pouches,
chambers of esophagus where fermentation
occurs (cows produce 60 L saliva per day & burp
2 L gas/minute)
2.a. Esophagus
• Mucosa
– Epithelium = Stratified Squamous
– lamina propria
– muscularis mucosa
• Submucosa
– Small mucus secreting, submucosa. esophageal glands
– Human = numerous compound mucous glands
– [cat, the horse and rodents usually do not have them these]
• Muscularis externa
– Top third Voluntary, striated muscle tissue for swallowing
– Lower third smooth muscle
– Middle third mixed smooth and striated
meshed with connective tissue fibers.
• Adventitia
– Areolar Connective tissue and binds the esophagus to other organs.
– Replaced by a thin serosa in abdominal cavity
connective tissue covered by mesothelium.
2.a. Esophagus
Muscularls Mucosa
mucosae
Submu
co sa
ESOPHAGUS-STOMACH JUNCTION
Longitudinal section
30
Stratified
squamous
epithelium
Lamina
propria
Muacularla
mucosae
Histology of Oesophagus
31
ESOPHAGUS
Muscularis
externa
Myonterk::
(AUo<bochJ
~ii,.,lllif Pl•xus
Smooth muscle
COi~
c
ti.s;sue
32
2.b. Stomach
• Serves as mixing chamber and holding reservoir
• 4 main regions
– Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus
• Same 4 layers
– Mucosa – gastric glands open into gastric pits
• 3 types of exocrine gland cells – mucous neck cells
(mucus), parietal cells (intrinsic factor and HCl), and
chief cells (pepsinogen and gastric lipase)
• G cell – endocrine cell – secretes gastrin
– Submucosa
– Muscularis – additional 3rd inner oblique layer
– Serosa – part of visceral peritoneum
l
Longltud nal _ _,,""'"!'a''\
l l musc e ayer
Lesser curvature
Py oric sphinc er med a surface) Body
l t ( i l
Lef
t gastroepiploic
vessels
Obliq over
ue muscle layer
1ylng mucosa
Greater curv
Pyloric canal (latera surf
ature
l ace)
Rugae
Pyloric
J Food
Interior surface of stomach sphincter -.. ~ particle
..l ~ oo ~ Gastric
~ J__J-\ juice
Epithe
li um Stoma ch
Gastric
gland
Mucus -- --=------;
cells
e
Chief-----
cells Pepsinogen
e~sin enzyme)
(active
HCI
Parietal
cells
0 0
0
0
f Chie cell
l
Parieta cell
Cop)'flght e Pearson Education. Inc ..
publishing as BenJamJn Cummings.
i. Stomach mucosa
1. Surface folds - Rugae
2. Surface Simple Columar epithelium; mucous secreting
different composition and mode of secretion from
intestinal goblet cells
Mucous nect (MN) cells extend into branched tubular
3. glands
4. Lamina propria, scanty, loose, areolar connective tissue.
Thick layer of gastric (principal) glands (surface covered
5. with "Gastric Pits“
Muscularis
two layersMucosae:
of muscle, tri laminar a third an inner circular, outer
sometimes
longitudinal.
heavily meshed with connective tissue fibers.
Entrance o gastric
f pi
t Gastric glands
Muscu ar
} mucoS
l la
M
Perietal &
Chief Cells Paneth Cells
STOMACH Chief and parietal cells
40
2.b. Stomach
Duodenum Jejunum
Jejunum
43
2.c. Small Intestine
1) Intestinal Cell Types
– Absortive Cells
– Goblet Cells
– Argentifine Cells
– Paneth Cells
– Ganglion cells
2) Mucosa
– Specified in duodenum, yeyenum and ileium
3) Submucosa
– Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
– Ganglia of the submucosal plexus of Meissner
4) Muscularis externa.
– Smooth Muscle Layers, an inner circular and an outer longitudinal layer.
– Between these two layers - Ganglia of the mesenteric plexus of Auerbach
5) Serosa
– Thin: compact layer of connective tissue
– Covered by mesothelium, outer surface (simple squamous epithelium)
Structure of the small intestine
2.c. Small Intestine
• Mucosa
– Sphincter of Oddi. pushes from outside through layers and
opens into lumen
– Villi: leaf form
– Entrance of the common Bile Duct (Liver, Pancreas)
• Submucosa
– Brunner's Glands
– Alkaline Mucous Glands
– Urogastron, hormone that prevents HCl secretion
– Compound tubular glands extend down into the submucosa.
– Found no where else in Intestines
2.c. Small Intestine
NUCieus Columnar
epithelium
l l
Go g apparatus zone unstained
:
Basement
membron,.,,_ _ lymphocyte
Centro I
lacteal
49
DUODENUM Villi
51
DUODENUM
52
DUODENUM Intestinal gland lamina propria
53
VILLI vasculature
Goblet
l*IS
t al
Lae e
54
JEJUNUM Cross section
55
JEJUNUM
d
LymDhol
Mucosa nodule
Submu
sculart1
Mu
s
:::: {r;::i!~~~~....:
) ,
cosal
:. .~...:.~~
plexu
ltlc
L~-=
r layer
Muscularta{r f otti
~~
externa
Serosa{
•.:;,_~ ~
Clrcula
e
o amo
muscl
lc
~~ Myenter
l yer
l pklxu,
f le
Longltud na la
Submucosal o ll'IIOOth mulC
artery and vein
57
ILEUM Peyer's patches
. • •
. ' . . ~ . ... •
.
l cel s
Goblet..,,,::6:
. ntestina
gland
. I l
i
Aggn,gate lymphoid Longitud nal)
( nodule layer
tHnia coli) Muscularis
Circular layer extema
62
APPENDIX
63
VERMIFORM APPENDIX
64
2.d. Large intestine
General Histology of the Colon
• Mucosa
– No Villi in any part of the large intestine.
– Many MORE Goblet cells
– Deeper intestinal crypts than in the small intestine.
– Abunden Lymph nodules
• Submucosa as in small intestine
• Muscularis externa.
– Tenia coli. 3 thick bands of Longitudinal Muscle
• Serosa as in small intestine
COLON
MUSCULARIS MUCOSA
– Only at the rectal column of Morgani
– 2cm from the anus the columnar become
epithelium squamous
Anal glands:
– sweat gland
– Oil gland
– Circumanal (midified from sweat gland)
67
RECTUM AND ANAL CANAL
68
3. Accessory Digestive Organs
• Salivary glands
• Liver
• Gall blader
• pancreas
Parotld duct
Subllngual ducts
Lingual trenulum
Opening ot
subma.ndibular .:.....1
duct
Subllngual
salivary gland
Submandlbula r Submandlbular
duct aallvary gland
Gall -----L
Stom
bladder ach
Intestinal~~
juice
Pancr
eas
Salivary glands
• GLANDULLA PAROTIS close to ear (auricula)
• GLANDULLA SUBMANDIBULARIS at the base of
the mouth
• GLANDULLA SUBLINGUALIS under the lingua
muscularis
• GLANDULLA LINGUALIS :
* GLANDULLA BLANDIN / NUHN
* GLANDULLA SEROUSA VON EBNER
* GLANDULLA MUCOUSA POSTERIOR
• GLANDULLA PALATINA at the Palatum durum
• GLANDULLA BUCCALI under the chick
• GLANDULLA S under the lips
LABIALIS 72
Mucous cell,
Serous cells
SUBLINGUAL GLAND
75
PAROTID GLAND
76
PAROTID GLAND
• 3) production of bile