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Research
UNIT I
Research
the systematic investigation into and study of materials
and sources in order to establish facts and reach new
conclusions.
investigation, experimentation, testing,
exploration, analysis, fact-finding,
examination, scrutiny, scrutinization,
probing; groundwork;
Curiosity…Search …Research
Researcher
a person whose job involves discovering or verifying
information for use in a book, programme
a person who carries out academic or scientific
research
A researcher should work towards a goal, whether
immediate or futuristic, else the research loses its
significance in the field of management.
researcher is to be as objective and neutral as
possible. The temptation to skew the results in the
hypothesized direction has to be avoided at all
costs.
Basic research
the basic premise is the need to KNOW,
to investigate some best practices-inventory
management, or
a new cause and effect relationship,
work-family conflict and its impact on turnover
intentions
Is vast and the time period involved is flexible.
Not conducted to
More flexible in test or validate any
Are less structured
approach preconceived
propositions
Develop , refine or
Could lead to some Also called as pilot or test the designed
testable hypothesis. feasibility studies. measuring
instrument.
Is especially carried out to test and
validate formulated hypotheses and
Conclusive specified relationship.
More structured
Descriptive
Research systematic approach to sampling
These studies establish the why Explores the effect of one thing on Ex. Consumers attitude towards
and the how phenomenon. another and more specifically the healthy life style(IV) could impact
effect of one variable on another. organic purchase intention (DV).
Research Process Management Dilemma
Basic vs Applied
Instrument Design
Pilot Testing
Data Collection
Research Reporting
Management decision problem: Discussion with experts: to get the Review of literature: the most Qualitative surveys: primary
the issue/decision that needs to be right perspective on the issue, valuable source of framing the exploratory loosely structured
resolved through research discussion/dialogue is held with research question is to review the surveys to attain the
subject/industry expert. past work done on related topic(s). environmental context.
Management Decision Problem
Problem
Management Research Problem / Question
identification
Research framework / Analytical model Process
Statement of Research Objectives
hypotheses
Ex Higher the likeability of the advertisement
the higher the sales
Ban on smoking has an impact on the cigarette
sales.
There is an implication that the existence
of or a change in one variable causes
or leads to a change in the other
variable.
Explanatory
(causal) Ex. An increase in family income(IV) leads to an
hypothesis
increase in the in the percentage of income
saved(DV).
-Exposure to the company messages concerning
industry problem(IV) leads to more favourable
attitude(DV) by employees toward the
company
Hypothesis
IT GUIDES THE IT IDENTIFIES FACTS THAT IT SUGGESTS WHICH IT PROVIDES A ADEQUATE FOR ITS TESTABLE
DIRECTION OF THE ARE RELEVANT AND FORM OF RESEARCH FRAMEWORK FOR PURPOSE
STUDY THOSE THAT ARE NOT. DESIGN IS LIKELY TO BE ORGANIZING THE
MOST APPROPRIATE. CONCLUSION THAT
RESULT
Variables
THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS
Variable
Nominal,
Ordinal,
Interval, and
Ratio.
Nominal
Nominal scales assign numbers as labels to identify
objects or classes of objects. The
assigned numbers carry no additional meaning except
as identifiers.
For example, the use of ID codes A, N and P to represent
aggressive, normal, and passive drivers is a nominal
scale variable.
Note that the order has no meaning here, and the
difference between identifiers is meaningless.
In practice it is often useful to assign numbers instead of
letters to represent nominal scale variables,
but the numbers should not be treated as ordinal,
interval, or ratio scale variables.
Ordinal
Ordinal scales build upon nominal scales by assigning
numbers to objects to reflect a rank ordering on an
attribute in question.
For example, assigning ID codes 1, 2 and 3 to represent a
persons response to a question regarding use rate:
1 = use often;
2 = use sometimes;
3 = never use.
Although order does matter in these variables (unlike
nominal scale variables), the difference between
responses is not consistent across the scale or across
individuals who respond to the question.
Interval
Interval scales build upon ordinal scale variables.
Equal interval means that the difference between two successive
categories are the same.
Temperature (in Celsius or Fahrenheit) represents an interval scale
variable, since the difference between measurements is the same
anywhere along the scale, and is consistent across measurements.
Ratios of interval scale variables have limited meaning because
there is not an absolute zero for interval scale variables.
when using a ruler to measure the length of something, the
difference between 2 and 3 inches is 1 inch, and the difference
between 10 and 11 inches is 1 inch -- no matter where on the ruler
that 1 inch lies, it still represents the same amount of distance, so this
indicates equal intervals..
Ratio
Ratio scales have all the attributes of interval scale
variables and one additional attribute:
ratio scales include an absolute “zero” point.
For example, if I measure the time it takes me to read a
passage, and I measure the length of time it takes you to
read the same passage, we can construct a ratio of
these two measures. If it took me 30 seconds and took
you 60 seconds, it took you (60/30 = 2) twice as long to
read it.
Research Proposal
1. Executive summary
2. Background of the problem
3. Problem statement and research objectives
4. Assumption and hypothesis
5. Review of literature(Research work done and progress
in India & abroad)
6. Research design
7. Scheduling the research
8. Duration of Project, Phasing of the work plan , Costing
and budget
CIA-I – Project Proposal (10 marks)
Jan 25
Title of the Proposal.
Budget
Time Frame
Questions