DINAMIKA ESTUARIA

Aerial view of Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve.

Rudhi Pribadi Image credit: Wells National Estuarine Research Reserve

Dept. Of Marine Sciences

Diponegoro University ,
Tembalang, Semarang 50275 INDONESIA
rudhi_pribadi@yahoo.co.uk
COASTAL ECOSYSTEM: GEOMORPHOLOGY

 BAY
 LAGOON
 DELTA
 SAND BAR
 BAY
A bay is erosional view of coastal line cause by seawave
activity and so sea part went into mainland
 Pangkalan Bay, Kesembu Bay, Jepara
Rembang

Binangun Bay, Lasem, Blebak Bay, Mlonggo,

Rembang Jepara
 LAGOON
Lagoon is sea water bodies which parted from
main sea by sand, rocks, coral reef or island.

SEGARA ANAKAN LAGOON, PULAU SEMPU, MALANG

 DELTA
Delta is island created by masive
sedimentation which occur in the rivermouth
in adjacent to sea or lake

Delta Wulan. Delta Bodri. Delta Comal.

Demak Kendal Pemalang
 SAND BAR
Sand bar is non permanent sand accumulation created
by sedimentation of sand, either from upland or sea in
a shallow beach adjacent to sea
COASTAL ECOSYSTEM : BIOTIC COMPONENT

 Seagrasses
 Mangrove
 Coral reef
 Beach Forest
MANGROVE CONECTIVITY
MANGROVE RELATIONSHIPS
MANGROVE RELATIONSHIPS
Estuary Food Web
Estuary food webs begin with the
conversion of the sun’s energy to food
energy by plants and plankton. Simplified
feeding relationships are shown in this
diagram.

There are two main feeding pathways. One

begins with large plants such as
mangroves, seagrass and rushes. When
they die their leaves and roots are broken
down by bacteria and fungi to become
detritus. Detritus is eaten by small animals
such as snails, worms and shellfish and
they, in turn, are eaten by larger creatures
such as fish and birds.

A second pathway begins with microscopic

phytoplankton. They are eaten by tiny
zooplankton which then become food for
snails and shellfish.
The word "estuary" is derived from the Latin word
aestuarium meaning tidal inlet of the sea, which in
itself is derived from the term aestus, meaning
tide.

The most widely accepted definition is:

"a semi-enclosed coastal body of water, which
has a free connection with the open sea, and
within sea water is measurably diluted with
freshwater derived from land drainage".

* this definition excludes a number of coastal water bodies such as

coastal lagoons and brackish seas
A more comprehensive definition of an estuary is "a
semi-enclosed body of water connected to the sea
as far as the tidal limit or the salt intrusion limit and
receiving freshwater runoff; however the freshwater
inflow may not be perennial, the connection to the
sea may be closed for part of the year and tidal
influence may be negligible".

* This broad definition also includes fjords, lagoons, river mouths, and tidal
creeks.
SEGARA ANAKAN, CILACAP
 Lokasi Segara Anakan
Kali Cikande
Villages
PETA in Segara
LOKASI SAMPEL SOSEKBUD

Anakan
STUDI PENGEMBANGAN EKOTURISME
DI EKOSISTEM HUTAN MANGROVE
(Kampung Laut)
SEGARA ANAKAN CILACAP

Skala 1 : 50.000
 Dusun Muara Dua

Dusun Karang
 Anyar

Nusa Wates

Nusa Bagian


Dusun Klaces Nusa Lorokan Kali Ujung Alang

Nusa Alas Anom


Dusun Motehan
Mangrove Segara Anakan
 Largest mangrove area remained in
Java
 Problem serius: degradasi karena
penebangan liar, konversi lahan
dan tingkat sedimentasi tinggi
Citanduy river (basin area 3500 km2):
produced 5 million m3/year, deposited
0.74 million m3/year.

Cikonde river (basin area 960 km2) :

produced 0.77 million m3/tahun, deposited
0.26 million m3/year.
Lokasi Segara Anakan
1976

1978 1987

The history of Segara

Anakan
1998 1998 1995

2001 2002 2003

Landsat TM 1991 (321)
Landsat TM 1991 (453)
Landsat TM 1995 (321)
Landsat TM 1995 (453)
Landsat TM 2001 (321)
Landsat TM 2001 (453)
Ikonos 2003
Ikonos 2003
Ikonos 2003
Ikonos 2003
Ikonos 2003
Ikonos 2003
Segara Anakan – Aerial View
Segara Anakan – Aerial View
Segara Anakan – Aerial View
Segara Anakan – Land View
Segara Anakan – Land View
Segara Anakan
Vegetasi
Perubahan Luasan Mangrove (analisa NDVI)

1987 1995 1998

 Struktur dan Komposisi
Vegetasi
In total there are 26 species of 15 mangrove
families recorded in the area.
Following Tomlinson’s functional
classification (Tomlinson, 1994) twelve
species are belongs to major mangrove
component, while the rest either belongs to
minor component (8 species) or mangrove
associate (6 species)
Klaces area was dominated by Avicennia
alba, Sonneratia caseolaris and Sonneratia
alba
Sapuregel area was dominated by
Rhizophora apiculata , Aegiceras
corniculatum, Scyphiphora hydropyllacea
and Aegicerasfloridum
Bintuni & Timika
 AJKWA 36
D per ha RD %

Rhizophora apiculata 524 55.6

Bruguiera gymnorrhiza 368 39.0
Camptostemom schultzii 21 2.2
Rhizophora stylosa 16 1.7
Timika Bintuni Bay Avicennia alba 7 0.7
25 species 30 species
 Gugur Serasah (Small Litterfall)
Mangrove litterfall penting bagi estuarin
 Pasokan untuk dekomposisi dan daur ulang material organik
 export nutrien erat kaitannya dg kondisi ekosistem di sekitarnya
 litterfall merupakan standard pengukuran produktivitas
ekosistem mangrove
Segara Anakan 2002-2003
The total small litterfall was 18.65 t/ha/y for upper
plants and 4.23 t/ha/y for lower plants, giving a total
number of 22.88 t/ha/y.
For upper plants leaf litter was by far the biggest
contributor (65.16 %), followed by reproductive parts
(15.48 %), wood (12.26 %), trash (3.23 %) and
stipules (2.58 %).
The amounts of nutrient returned through small
litterfall were estimated to be (kg / ha / yr): N 255.5,
P 41.0 and K 145.5.

8
Total
berat kering (t/ha)

6 Lain
4 Stipula

2 Bunga/buah

0 Batang
Mei Jun Jul Agu Sep Okt Nov Des Jan Feb Mar Apr
Daun
bulan (2002-2003)
Papua
Timika 13.9 t.ha-1y-1
Bintuni Bay 11.1 t.ha-1y-1

Litterfall Production 2000-2001

2.00

1.80

1.60

1.40
ton/ha dry weight

1.20

1.00

0.80

0.60

0.40

0.20

0.00
Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May.

Ajkwa Tipoeka
Komunitas Nekton
(Ikan)
Biodiversity

90 genera of 48 family
65 genera of mature fish Dominated by
64 genera of larvae
Engraullidae
Gobiidae

migratory 50 genera belongs to 31 families

resident 40 genera belongs to 16 families
Macrobenthic Fauna and Benthic
Diatom
 Kekerangan
Klaces:
Polymesoda erosa, Donax deltoides, and
Crassostrea cuculata

Sapuregel:
P. erosa, D. deltoides, Latemulidae, Septifer
bilocularis

Polymesoda erosa → dominated <3cm length → New recruitmen?

 Crustaceae
 Total sample 3671 individu (11 family, 62 species)
 Sapuregel denser (544 ind/100m2) than Klaces (374 ind/100m2)

 Most dominant species:

Klaces → Perisesarma sp., Macrophtalmus sp, Uca coarctata, Uca longitudita
Sapuregel → Metaplax elegans, Perisesarma spp., Uca seismela
 Gastropod

 Total 29 species of 10 families

 Klaces more species (24) and denser (mean 196.4 ind./25 m2) than Sapuregel (19
species, mean 44.3 ind./25 m2)
 Species in Sapuregel (Telescopium, Neritina, Chicoreus) much bigger than in Klaces
(mostly small Cerithidea obtusa).
 Polychaeta

 In general 20 familes were recorded, 19 families were found in Sapuregel and only
5 families were found in Klaces
 Most species belongs to family Capitelidae, Nereidae and Orbiniidae.
 Sapuregel by far was denser (mean 89.4 ind./m2) and more diverse (mean H’ =
0.99) than Klaces area (mean density 39.7 ind./ha, mean H’ = 0.16).
 Benthic Diatom

 Total 22 species of benthic diatomae were recorded.

 Surirella, Pleurosigma, Achnanthes, Navicula, Nitzschia and Amphora were the
most dominant genus in both Klaces and Sapuregel area.
 The density was varied beteween 2.55 x 102 cell/cm3 (Cocconeis, Campylodiscus,
Caloneis, Haslea, Placoneis, Cymbella, Petroneis) up to 1.66 x 104 cell/cm3
(Surirella).
Segara Anakan – Sosial Ekonomi
Segara Anakan – Sosial Ekonomi
Beberapa Issue Utama:
Tekanan Sosial-ekonomi krn populasi yg meningkat
Perubahan pola hidup
Kepentingan ekonomi dan konservasi
Pemilikan lahan
 Segara Anakan – Konservasi
Beberapa program konservasi:
Penetapan sbg Kawasan Konservasi
SACDP / BPKSA
Rehabilitasi mangrove
Pengerukan laguna / Dredging
Sudetan / Diversion
SEGARA ANAKAN CONSERVATION PROJECT
SEGARA ANAKAN CONSERVATION PROJECT
SEGARA ANAKAN CONSERVATION PROJECT
SEGARA ANAKAN CONSERVATION PROJECT
Dredging
Dredging
Dredging
Dredging – Disposal Area
Dredging – Disposal Area
Dredging – Disposal Area
THANK YOU