ETHICS

•In what we can say that a person

is unethical or immoral.
 ETHICS

•It is the branch of knowledge

that deals with moral
principles.
 ETHICS
• Moral principles that govern a person's behavior
or the conducting of an activity.
• Moral concerned with the principles of right and
wrong behavior and the goodness or badness of
human character.
 ETHICS
• A set of moral principles: a theory or system of
moral values
• The principles of conduct governing an individual
or a group
• The discipline dealing with what is good and what
is bad and with moral duty and obligation
 MORAL
• Of or relating to principles of right and wrong
behavior
• Conforming to a standard of right behavior
NORM

• A principle of right action binding upon the

members of group and serving to guide, control,
or regulate proper and acceptable behavior
WHAT ARE ETHICAL
PRINCIPLES?
• Ethical principles are general standards of
conduct that make up an ethical system.
• Ethical principles are behavior guide which entails
particular imperatives.
• These imperatives involve specification that some
type of action or conduct is either prohibited,
required, or permitted in certain circumstances.
FUNDAMENTAL
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

1. Autonomy
2. Non-maleficence
3. Beneficence
4. Justice
AUTONOMY

• Comes from the Greek word “autos” (self) and

“nomos” (rule, governance, or law).
• People should be free to choose and entitled to act
on their preferences provided their decisions and
actions do not stand to violate, or impinge on, the
significant moral interest of others.
• We have an obligation to respect the autonomy of other
persons, which is to respect the decisions made by other
people concerning their own lives.
• This is also called the principle of human dignity.
• It gives us a negative duty not to interfere with the decisions of
competent adults, and a positive duty to empower others for
whom we’re responsible.

Corollary principles: honesty in our dealings with others &

obligation to keep promises.
NON-MALEFICENCE

• Comes from the Latin-derived maleficent

• from maleficus meaning wicked, prone to evil
• From malum meaning evil
• male meaning ill
• As a moral principle, non-maleficence (literally
refuse evil), prescribes above all, DO NO HARM,
which entails a stringent obligation not to injure
or harm others.
BENEFICENCE

• From Latin word beneficus, from bene meaning well

or good and facere meaning to do.
• This principle prescribes “ABOVE ALL, DO GOOD”
• In practice in entails a positive obligation to literally
act for the benefit of others and contribute to the
welfare and well-being of others.
• We have an obligation to bring about good in all our actions.

Corollary principle: We must take positive steps to prevent

harm. However, adopting this corollary principle frequently
places us in direct conflict with respecting the autonomy of
other persons.
• Act of beneficence can include such virtuous
actions as: care, compassion, empathy, sympathy,
alrtuism, kindness, mercy, love, friendship and
charity.
•
We have an obligation not to harm others: "First, do no harm."

Corollary principle: Where harm cannot be avoided, we are obligated to

minimize the harm we do.

Corollary principle: Don't increase the risk of harm to others.

Corollary principle: It is wrong to waste resources that could be used for

good.

Combining beneficence and nonmaleficence: Each action must produce more

good than harm.
JUSTICE

• From the Latin word Justus meaning righteous.

DIFFERENT CONCEPTIONS OF JUSTICE:

• Justice as revenge (retributive justice)

• Justice as mercy (Christian Ethics)
• Justice as harmony
• Justice as equity (impartiality and fairness)
• Justice as avoiding parochialism and reducing global injustice
• Justice as equality (equals must be treated equally)
• We have an obligation to provide others with
whatever they are owed or deserve. In public life, we
have an obligation to treat all people equally, fairly, and
impartially.
Corollary principle: Impose no unfair burdens.

Combining beneficence and justice: We are obligated

to work for the benefit of those who are unfairly
treated.
• Justice as an equal distribution of benefits and
burdens
• Justice as what is deserved (each according to
one’s merit or worth)
ACTIVITY

• Cite some scenarios where you can apply the

four fundamental ethical principles.
• Provide two (2) scenarios for each ethical
principle.
• Explain and justify your answers.
CORE VALUES OF JOURNALISM

• Accuracy and fact-based communications;

• Humanity and respect for others;
• Transparency and accountability.
CORE VALUES FOR RESPONSIBLE
COMMUNICATIONS
• Accuracy and fact-based communications. (Avoiding malicious
deception and untruth – and understanding the exceptions, such
as humour and satire);
• Humanity and respect for the Other. (Challenging hate-speech,
incitement and discrimination in all its forms, including misogyny);
• Transparency and Accountability. (Challenging plagiarism and
understanding the right to anonymity and respect for sources of
information and the need to correct errors);
• Introduction to free expression in the digital age.
(The limits to free expression. Contemporary
threats and the challenges facing policymakers,
civil society, academics and media
professionals);
• The Difference between Journalism and Free
Expression. (Understanding ethics in the context
of self-regarding and others-regarding
communications);
• Personal and Public Communications. (The
public sphere and the value of self-restraint.
Developing a shared culture for tolerance
and respect in communications);
• Pluralism and Other Voices. (The importance
of diversity of opinion to building democracy
and informed society);
ETHICAL USE OF
INFORMATION
PLAGIARISM:

• Using other people’s words and ideas without

clearly acknowledging the source of the
information.
COMMON KNOWLEDGE:

• Facts that can be found in numerous places and are

likely to be widely known.
• Example: John F. Kennedy was elected President of the
United States in 1960. This is generally known
information. You do not need to document this fact
INTERPRETATION:

• You must document facts that are not generally known,

or ideas that interpret facts.
• Example: Michael Jordan is the greatest basketball player
ever to have played the game.
• This idea is not a fact but an interpretation or an opinion.
• You need to cite the source.
QUOTATION:

• Using someone’s words directly.

• When you use a direct quote, place the passage between quotation
marks, and document the source according to a standard documenting
style.
• Example: According to John Smith in The New York Times, “37% of all
children under the age of 10 live below the poverty line”.
• You need to cite the source.
PARAPHRASE:

• Using someone’s ideas, but rephrasing them in

your own words.
• Although you will use your own words to
paraphrase, you must still acknowledge and cite
the source of the information.
PARAPHRASE:

• Using someone’s ideas, but rephrasing them in

your own words.
• Although you will use your own words to
paraphrase, you must still acknowledge and cite
the source of the information.
GROUP ACTIVITY:

• Create a presentation about Plagiarism, its legal

implications, and strategies in avoiding plagiarism.
• Submit your work online.
• Due on Thursday July 4, 2019.
TYPES OF MEDIA:
PRINT, BROADCAST,
NEW
MEDIA
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

• State the learning objectives:

• Classify contents of different media types.
• Define media convergence through current examples.
• Discuss to class on how a particular individual is
portrayed in public using different type of media.
TYPE OF MEDIA

• books, newspaper, television,Youtube, magazines,

social network, radio, memeography, newsletter,
cellphone, journals, film/movie
PRINT BROADCAST NEW MEDIA
MEDIA CONVERGENCE

• The co-existence of traditional and new media: print media, broadcast

media (radio and television), the Internet, mobile phones, as well as others,
allowing media content to flow across various platforms.
• The ability to transform different kinds of media into digital code, which is
then accessible by a range of devices (ex. from the personal computer to
the mobile phone)
• Creating a digital communication environment.
Media Convergence in Platform Example
Communication
Education
Advertisement/Commercial
News
Entertainment
HAWTHORNE EFFECT

• The alteration of behavior by the subject of a

study due to their awareness of being observed.
BOOMERANG EFFECT

• It refers to the unintendedconsequences of an

attempt to persuade resulting in the adoption of
an opposing position instead.