EHTC

ELECTROHYDRAULIC
GOVERNING SYSTEM

PRESENTED BY:
RAKESH BAGRI
 What is a Governing System
To govern means to control and regulate
certain parameters to achieve expected
results.
Turbine Governing system is meant for
regulation of turbine speed under no load
and varying load condition.
It helps in precise control of grid frequency
under normal operation and protects the
machine as well as grid during emergency
situation.
 Gov System of KWU M/C
•KWU machines are equipped with Hydraulic
and Electro-hydraulic governing system .
•Under normal operating condition EH
governing system is used
•Hydraulic governing system is used as backup
governing system on failure of EH governing.
 Structure of KWU
Gov System
Electro
EL M
Hydraulic
HYD
Controller
Hydraulic
Actuation System
I for Control v/v
positioning

Mechanical HYD
N
Hydraulic
Controller HYD
 Electro hydraulic governing
(EHC)
Electro hydraulic controller is an integral part of
EAST(Electronic Automation for steam turbine)
supplied with KWU turbines.
The EHC has a task to control the steam flow to
the turbine by positioning of HP & IP control
valves and
•control speed during start up
•control load of TG after synchronization
 ADVANTAGES OF EHC
a) Increases the life of turboset by conservative
operation with the aid of TSE
b) High operational reliability and safety with
integrated circuits , as well as speed and load
measurement in multiple channels
c) Precise maintenance of the rated frequency
of the power grid by means of an exact
frequency load curve.
d) Low speed deviation under all operational
conditions.
e) Support of the pressure control system
 Elements of EHC

• EHC can be divided into following sub-

sections:
1 Speed measurement and Speed controller
2 Load measurement and Load controller
3 Pressure controller
4 Selection circuit(Control mode selection)
5 Admission /Position Controller
 Structure of EHC
Speed
Control loop

Load Selection Admission EL

Control loop Circuit control loop HYD

Pressure
Control loop
 Speed Controller
• Is used to increase turbine speed from barring
speed to rated speed in a controlled manner .
• To assist Auto synchronizer in synchronizing the
machine and taking the block load.
• After synchronization speed controller can be used
for taking load up to 100% but as a normal practice
approx. after 10% of load ,load controller is taken
into service. It is done because during speed
controller mode a small frequency change will
cause corresponding opening in valve ( hence in
load)
 Sub Sections of Speed
controller
• Speed set point,
• Speed set point control,
• Dn/Dt monitoring,
• Speed control Loop,
• No load correction.
 a) Speed Set Point

• a) Speed set point can be changed from

cabinet, desk, auto Synchronizer and SGC
turbine. The set point is called nR. The set
point changes at a gradient of 2160 rpm/min
up to a setting 2820 rpm. After 2820rpm
speed set point changes at a gradient of 360
rpm/min which enables accurate setting of
set point in the working range .
 Speed measurement

• Hall probes are mounted around a disc

(fitted at the turbine shaft) containing 120
magnets (60 N-pole & 60-S pole
alternatively) . An advantage of the same is
that one rotation of disc will generate 60
positive pulses & So, by counting the pulses
for one second we can directly determine
the turbo set speed in rpm.
 b) Speed Set Point control
• Speed Set Point control :- The set point fixed
in the earlier section cannot be passed to
speed control loop directly as it is only the
desired value which can be changed at a very
fast rate and it does not take care of turbine
stress margin. Speed set point circuit decides
the acceleration of the turbine depending on
TSE margins.
 c) Dn/Dt Monitoring
This section detects low acceleration of
turbine and brings back the turbine speed to
a safe speed of 600 rpm. Dn/ Dt acts when
following conditions are fulfilled
• All E S V’s open.
• Generator circuit breaker in open condition.
• Actual speed (n a c t) < 2820 rpm.
• Speed set point (nR) more than 600 RPM for
200MW. For 500MW,set point is > 400 rpm.
• Dn/Dt < 108 rpm/min
 What is Droop?
% of frequency change ( % of RPM change) will
lead to full travel of Governing valves or full
load change.
5% droop means: 5%*50 Hz= 2.5 Hz
Will change 500MW. In terms of output total
change should take place is 100%
 Droop of kwu m/c
Output

+100%

2790 2940 3060 3210

0%
RPM

-
100%
 d) Speed Controller Loop
• Speed Controller loop is PD (P) loop .
• A deviation of 150 rpm will correspond to full
opening of the control valve (with the
assumption that full opening of control valve
will give full load at rated parameters)
 1b Speed Controller
• Speed Controller is used to increase turbine speed
from barring speed to rated speed in a controlled
manner and to assist Auto synchronizer in
synchronizing the machine and taking the blocking
load. After synchronization speed controller can be
used for taking load up to 100% but as a normal
practice approx. 10% of load should be taken and
then load controller should be taken into service. It
is done because during speed controller mode a
small frequency change will cause corresponding
opening in valve opening ( hence in load)
 e) No load Correction
• As the speed controller loop is PD (P) so an error
in the input is a must to keep the valves open for
running at the rated speed .
• To Provide this error between set point and
actual value a pressure dependent correction
signal is given , as the valve opening required for
running the machine at rated speed is directly
dependent on steam pressure. Hence, for
correction purpose practical reading should be
taken when the machine is running at rated
speed at different pressure
 Speed Controller Circuit
1. Slow rate , DN/DT operated.
2. TSE Influence ON; ∆Θumin=30ºK=10 V=600rpm2
3. Stopping of nrtd on GCB Open & Nr< nrtd by 45 rpm.
4. Stopping of speed setpoint control on (Nr>2850 rpm &
Nr raised & TSE ON & faulted in GCB open condition) or
stop command from SGC turbine.
5. Tracking in synchronised condition if freq within limit &
load controller or Pressure controller action.
6. Fast calibration during tracking condition or Turbine
trip.
 2.Load Controller
• Load controller is used to maintain the load set by
the operator ( at turbine control or at CMC console )
or automatic load dispatch Centre (optional ).
• Load controller is also responsible for taking care of
frequency changes and correcting the load.
• The controller comes into operation only after
synchronization, before Synchronization it remains in
the follow mode .
 Sub Sections of load controller
• 2A) Load set point (PR)
• 2B) Load Gradient and TSE Margin Influence.
• 2C) Load Set Point Control (PRTD)
• 2D) Frequency influence.
• 2E) Pressure influence
• 2F) Load Limiter
• 2G) Actual Load Acquisition
• 2H) Final Control Loop
 2A) Load Set Point
• Load Set Point:- Load set point can be
changed from cabinet, desk, SGC or CMC or
from Auto dispatch Centre (optional).The set
point changes at a gradient of 100 MW
/Min for 200MW & 250MW/min for
500MW). The gradient remains same
through out the range. The load set point
indicator is available at desk. The range of
the indicator is 0-250 MW for 200 MW M/c
& 0-600MW for 500MW M/c.
 2B) Load gradient and TSE
influence
• Load gradient is an additional feature available in load
controller. The load gradient acts in parallel with TSE
margin with minimum Selector. Load gradient range is
0-25MW/ min : 200MW & 0-60MW/min (500MW).
• While for TSE margin 0-30 degree K corresponds to 0-
25 MW/min in 200MW& 0-60MW/min in(500MW)
• Both load gradient and TSE margin have got ON/OFF
switches, so if any one is desired to be taken out of
service can be switched off.
 2C) Load set point Control(PRTD )
• If both load gradient and TSE influence are off then
PRTD changes at a rate of 25 MW/min
• The function of PRTD is similar to the NRTD in speed
controller The maximum rate change here is 25MW
/min or 60MW in both directions
• The set point controller remains in follow mode if
generator breaker is off or load controller is off or
load is less than station load& MW error>10%.
During this mode PRTD follows actual load without
delay
• STOP command is generated if TSE fault appears
 2D) Frequency Influence
• Frequency influence is used to correct the load
set point. The frequency influence has got a
droop of 5%
• A deviation of + or - 0.5 Hz will cause a load
change of + or -40 MW. The correction signal is
limited at + or - 40MW
• The frequency influence can be switched on/off
from Frequency Influence module
• Indicator for the correction signal is available at
desk of range +/- 100MW for 200MW M/c & +/-
200 MW for 500MW M/c.
 2E) Load Limiter
• Final Set point (addition of PRTD ,PRPR, PRF ) is fed to a
minimum selector with the load limiter
• Load limiter will limit the actual load and it also can
be used for fast reduction of load in emergency
cases.
• Output of MIN block is  Pr which is the actual
reference signal for load controller.
 2F) Actual Load Acquisition /Load
measurement

• The actual load is measured by three load

transducers which get the signal from PT and CT
and give out put 0-250MW (or 0-500MW M/c)
corresponds to 4-20 mA
• The middle value of the three load measurement
is used for processing .
• If any value drifts from the other value by more
than 5%, a selective fault alarm is generated . The
fault doesn’t disturb the working as defective
channel is discarded.
 2G) Final Controller Loop
• The final loop is a PI controller
• Two major parts consisting of two cards ARL 12&
ARL 13 specially designed for this purpose
• Error signal is generated from the final set point and
actual load in ARL 12 card. It has an inbuilt
frequency influence whose responsibility is to
prevent the over speeding of the turbine. Hence,
this frequency influence acts only to reduce the out
put of the controller . This can’t be switched off.
• The output of ARL 13 card provides the integrator
part of the loop. Apart from the integrator, ARL 13
has also got a filter and provision for follow mode.
 Following Above (hvo)

This mode in operation during following conditions

• 1- Load Controller Off or
• 2- Generator Breaker Off or
• 3- Pact <STL & P>5% and Generator breaker closed.
During the above condition the load controller
output tracks the speed controller output all the
time with a constant error of-150mV. This follow-
mode ensure that during above conditions, the load
controller should not come into action.
 Following Low (hvu)

• This mode is present once the breaker is

synchronized and speed controller is still in action.
During this mode the load controller output
tracks the speed controller output with error of –
150mV
• Only difference is load controller output can go
more than speed controller output (hence load
controller can take over) but it cannot go 150 mV
below the speed controller output.
• Load controller can be taken into service anytime
without any delay
 LOAD CONTROLLER CIRCUIT
1. CMC ON
2. Gradient Enabling when GCB closed & ( Load Controller
in action or Pressure Controller in Initial Pressure mode
).
3. TSE ON & not faulted.
4. Load Gradient ON.
5. ( TSE ON & faulted ) or stop command from SGC or
Setpoint raised with CMC ON.
6. Follow Above Condition.
7. Frequency Influence ON.
8. Initial Pressure mode selected.
9. Load controller ON.
 3 Pressure Controller
• 3a) Initial Pressure Mode A Pressure deviation signal
(difference of actual pressure and set pressure ) is fed
to the controller .As long the deviation is more than +
150mV (Actual> required ) the pressure controller
output remains as maximum saturation. If the
deviation fall between 0 to +150mV, the output of the
pr. controller comes out from saturation & match to
the output of final minimum selector.
• As soon as the deviation becomes negative, the
output of the pressure control starts decreasing and
takes over control.
• This mode comes when runback action comes into
picture or it is selected from console.
3b Limit pressure mode
• The function of this mode is similar to the initial
pressure mode .The only difference being that
biasing of 10Kg/Cm2 is given in this loop. Hence, all
the action start after the pressure drops by more
than 10Kg/Cm2.
• This mode is used when m/c is in load control; a
small pressure correction signal is also applied +/-
side to load set point control.
• This mode should be used once the load on turbo set
is stabilized.
 4 Control Transfer
• This loop receives the signal from speed controller
(hrnc), load controller(hr PC) and pr. controller
• a set of Max & Min selection and then final value
selected is passed on to position /admission controller
• hrnc and hrPC pass through a maximum value selector
and the value selected is passed on to first MIN value
selection. 10.5v is added in hrnc and this value is also
fed to first Min value selector.
• The value selected in first Min value selector is passed
on to the second MIN value selector along with output
of pressure controller output (hr PRC) The value
selected here is passed on the position / admission
controller.
 5 Position/admission Controller
• Position Controller is the final control element in
EHC. It receives the signal from control transfer
• It receives feedback signal from Collins
transmitters.Two Collins transmitters are provided
• Selection of transmitter is through MIN value
selector
• Plunger coil supplied in EHC is an integrator type. The
balance point of the coil is –1.0V
• Provision to switch ON/OFF the voltage supply to
plunger coil. Switching ON /OFF can be done only if
the output of position controller is > 100%.
 LOAD SHEDDING RELAY
• Load shedding relay is necessary when the hydraulic
governor is controlling but is also kept in operation
when the EHC is in control to avoid over speeding of
turbine .
• Upon action of LRR the HPCV & IPCV are closed
completely for a short interval(1.4 sec max)
• Sudden negative jump in load is detected electrically
instantaneously by the load shedding relay when, in
200MW: Load throw off>40% & residual load<15% &
frequency>49 Hz
• LRR acts therefore earlier on the hydraulic control
system i.e. Before HC takes action due to the speed
increase
Any Questions Please?