PERFORMANCE AND EMISSION

ANALYSIS OF BIODIESELS FROM

DIFFERENT SOURCES
 Content
• Literature survey
• Introdution
• Biodiesel
• Objective
• Preparation of biodiesel
• Biodiesel preparation Flowchart
• Blend ratio
• Quality analysis
• Flue gas analysis
• Brake thermal efficiency
• Specific fuel consumption
• Cost analysis
• Conclusion
• Reference
 LITERATURE SURVEY
Author Year of publication Major findings
Ivana B. Banković-Ilić, 2014 The most common way
Ivan J. Stojković, to Produce biodiesel
Olivera S.Stamenković, from WAFs is By
Vlada B. Veljkovic a,n, transesterification
Yung-Tse Hung reaction,Which can be
homogeneously-
heterogeneously-
enzymatically
-catalyzed reaction.

R. S. Panua 2013 An experimental study

on performance and
emission characteristics
of vegetable oil blends
with diesel in a direct
injection variable
compression ignition
engine.
Bhaskor J. Bora, Ujjwal 2016 Experimental
K. Saha evaluation of a rice
bran biodiesel e biogas
run dual fuel diesel
engine at varying
compression ratios
A Purandaradasa, T 2018 Development and
Silambarasan quantifification of
biodiesel production from
chickenfeather meal as a
cost-effective feedstock
by using green
technology
Alan Try Putra Samad, 2018 Design of portable
Dwini normayulisa putrid, biodiesel plant from
Neka saima waste cooking oil.
perdani,Tania sury
 INTRODUCTION

• The human society is very dependent on

petroleum fuel for its activities.
• The production and use of fossil fuel
cause environmental problems
• The fossil fuels are depleting and the need
for safer and non polluting alternative is
required for the upcomming years.
 BIODIESEL
• Biodiesel is an alternative fuel similar to
conventional or ‘fossil’ diesel
• Biodiesel can be produced from straight
vegetable oil, animal oil/fats, tallow and
waste cooking oil.
 OBJECTIVE

• The objective of this project is to find out

the best among the biodiesel by analysing:
• Quality analysis
• Flue gas analysis
• Break thermal efficiency
• Specific fuel consumption
 Blend ratio

B20 (20% biodiesel from waste cooking oil,

80% petroleum diesel)
B20 (20% biodiesel from chicken waste,
80% petroleum diesel)
 PREPARATION OF BIODIESEL
Biodiesel sources used
• Chicken waste
• Waste cooking oil
Biodiesel preparation Flowchart

Extraction of oil

Acid value estimation

procedure

Saponification value
determination procedure
j
TRANSESTERIFICATION

Separation of biodiesel
and glycerine

Hot water washing

Moisture removal
 Quality analysis

• Density
• Viscosity
• Flash point
• Fire point
• Calorific value
 Density
• The density, or more precisely, the volumetric
mass density, of a substance is its mass per
unit volume
• The density of a material varies with
temperature.
 Hydrometer

• A hydrometer is an instrument used for

measuring the relative density of liquids based
on the concept of buoyancy.

hydrometer
Fuel density characteristics obtained

Fuel type Density (kg/m3)

Diesel 815
B20 (chicken waste) 877.3
B20(cooking oil) 918.6
 Viscosity

• Viscosity is defined as the property by

which a layer of fluid offers resistance to
the motion of the adjacent layer
• Dynamic viscosity (also known as absolute
viscosity) is the measurement of the fluid's
internal resistance to flow.
• Kinematic viscosity refers to the ratio
of dynamic viscosity to density.
 Redwood viscometer

schematic diagram of redwood viscometer Redwood viscometer

 Fuel viscosity obtained

Fuel Kinematic viscosity @ 40oC(mm2/s)

Diesel 3.30
B20(chicken waste) 4.186

B20(cooking oil) 4.74

 Flash and fire point

• Flash point is the lowest temperature at

which a liquid can form an ignitable
mixture in air near the surface of the liquid.
The lower the flash point, the easier it is to
ignite the material
• The fire point of a fuel is the lowest
temperature at which the vapour of that
fuel will continue to burn for at least 5
seconds after ignition by an open flame
CLEAVELAND FLASH AND FIRE POINT
APPARATUS

CLEAVELAND FLASH AND FIRE POINT

APPARATUS
 Flash point
Fuel Flash point (0C)
Diesel 72
B20(cooking oil) 86
B20(chicken waste) 80

Fire point
Fuel Fire point (0C)
Diesel 79
B20(cooking oil) 92
B20(chicken waste) 88
 Calorific value

• The calorific value of a fuel is the quantity

of heat produced by its combustion – at
constant pressure and under normal
conditions
• The calorific value of solid and liquid fuels
is determined in the laboratory by ‘Bomb
calorimeter’
 Bomb calorimeter

Bomb calorimeter
Schematic diagram of Bomb
calorimeter
 Obtained calorific value

Fuel Calorific value (MJ/Kg)

Diesel 42.42
B20(chicken waste) 39.46
B20(cooking oil) 39.99
Flue gas analysis

• Carbon monoxide
• Carbon dioxide
• Oxides of nitrogen
• Hydrocarbon
Apparatus :
AVL gas
analyzer
AVL gas analyzer
 Carbon monoxide (CO)
• Excessively low intake air temperatures
can cause poor mixing of fuel and air,
resulting in partial misfire.
• Carbon monoxide (CO) is a byproduct of
incomplete combustion and is essentially
partially burned fuel.
• If the air/fuel mixture does not have
enough oxygen present during
combustion, it will not burn completely.
Variation of CO vs BP
 Carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Carbon dioxide emission is formed due to
complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuel.
Variation of CO2 vs BP
 Oxides of nitrogen(NOX)

• The air going into a car engine has mostly

nitrogen, therefore, nitrogen oxides are
going to be produced as a by product of
combustion.
• oxides of nitrogen are produced because
of the high temperatures in engines.
Variation of NOX vs BP
 Hydro Carbon (HC)

• Motor vehicle fuel contains hydrocarbons,

which are its primary source of energy

• Any hydrocarbons emitted from a vehicle

indicate unused fuel, which results from
incomplete fuel combustion
Variation of HC vs BP
 Performance analysis

Engine specification
ENGINE 4 STROKE SINGLE
CYLINDER CI ENGINE
RPM 1500

RATED POWER 3.5 KW

B.H.P 5 HP

COMPRESSION RATIO 16.5

 BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY

• Ratio between the power output and the

energy introduced through fuel burning
• It is used to evaluate how well an engine
converts the heat from fuel to
mechanical energy
• Break thermal efficiency =
break power
mass of fuel * calorific value
 VARIATION OF BRAKE THERMAL
EFFICIENCY

Brake thermal efficiency increases with increase in break power for

diesel and B20 biodiesel blend.For B20 blend it can be seen that brake
thermal efficiency of B20 biodiesel from waste cooking oil is higher than
B20 blend of biodiesel from chicken waste and B0 Diesel.
 Specific fuel consumption

• Specific fuel consumption which means

the effectiveness to convert the chemical
energy contents of fuel into useful work.

• Specific fuel consumption =

mass of fuel consumption
power produced
 VARIATION OF SPECIFIC FUEL
CONSUMPTION

Specific fuel consumption decreases with increase break power for B20
biodiesel For B20 blends it can be seen that the SFC of B20 biodiesel
blend from waste cooking oil increases than that of B20 blend biodiesel
from chicken waste and B0 Diesel.
 COST ANALYSIS
PARAMETERS COST IN RUPEES

BIODIESEL COLLECTION 300

FLUE GAS ANALYSIS 2000

QUALITY ANALYSIS 1000

OTHER EXPENCE 2000

TOTAL COST 5300

 CONCLUSION
• Density ,viscosity,flash and fire point and calorific value
of biodiesel from cooking oil is higher than biodiesel from
chicken waste .
• The emission of CO,CO2,NOx,HC of biodiesel from
cooking oil is lesser than the biodiesel from chicken
waste.
• Specific fuel consumption is less for biodiesel from
cooking oil than biodiesel from chicken waste, the break
thermal efficiency is higher for biodiesel from cooking oil
than biodiesel from chicken waste.
• From the above results we concluded biodiesel from
cooking oil is better than biodiesel from chicken oil.
 REFERENCES
1.IvanaB.Banković-Ilić, IvanJ.Stojković, OliveraS, Stamenković, VladaB.Veljkovic, Yung-
TseHung(2014). Waste animal fats as feedstocks for biodiesel production .
2.De, R. S. Panua(2013). An experimental study on performance and emission
characteristicsof vegetable oil blends with diesel in a direct injection variable compression
ignition engine.
3.Bhaskor J. Bora, Ujjwal K. Saha(2016). Experimental evaluation of a rice bran biodiesel
e biogas run dual fuel diesel engine at varying compression ratios
4.A Purandaradasa, T Silambarasan(2018). Development and quantifification of biodiesel
production from chickenfeather meal as a cost-effective feedstock by using green
technology
5.Alan Try Putra Samad, Dwini normayulisa putrid, Neka saima perdani,Tania
surya(2018) Design of portable biodiesel plant from waste cooking oil.
6.D.John Panneer Selvam, K.Vadivel (2012) Performance and emission analysis of DI
diesel engine fuelled with methyl esters of beef tallow and diesel blends
7.Sary Awad, Khaled Loubar , Mohand Tazerout (2014) Experimental investigation on the
combustion, performance and pollutant emissions of biodiesel from animal fat residues
on a direct injection diesel engine.
8.K.Muralidharan,D.Vasudevan,K.N.Sheeba (2011) Performance, emission and
combustion characteristics of biodiesel fuelled variable compression ratio engine .