Research Methodology

Analyn Valencia-Inarda, DPA

Professorial Lecturer

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PROGRAM OUTCOMES ADDRESSED BY THE
COURSE

1. Select a research problem which can contribute to the

collection of knowledge in the field.

2. Know the ideas, concepts and principles of research

methodology.

3. Be familiar with the guidelines specifically the forms,

procedures and techniques in thesis writing.
4. Develop a research paper which will lead to the
attainment of the objectives of the chosen study.

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5. Appreciate the role of research in the
advancement and improvement of graduate
education.

6. Develop the attitude and values of patience, hard

work, adherence to high standards, optimism,
resourcefulness and determination to complete the
Research paper.

7. Contribute to the mission and vision of the University

of Quality Research attuned to its research agenda.

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Course Outcomes

This course will teach graduate students on

how to produce research as the major output
of their study. Various parts of the research will
be taught and it is expected that they will
complete the preliminaries, chapters 1 to 2 of
their paper and back parts. After the paper has
been completed, it will undergo scrutiny.

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Research Methodology by Analyn V 5
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How do you view
Research
Activities?

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10 Reasons why I love
research
1. Research makes a difference
2. Research is challenging
3. Research is competitive
4. Research is fun
5. Research stretches your mind
6. Research introduces you to such interesting people
7. Research is the future.
8. Research involves collaboration across disciplines.
9. Partnering with non-researchers is enlightening
10. Research is highly regarded
(Dr. Patrick McGrath, https://organizedcuriosity.wordpress.com/2014/11/28/10-
reasons-why-i-love-research/)
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 Definition

Research is a scientific process of

gathering, analyzing, classifying,
organizing, presenting, and
interpreting data for the formulation
of new knowledge.

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Kerlinger (1973) - defines scientific
research as “systematic, controlled,
empirical, and critical investigations
of hypothetical propositions about
the presumed relations among
natural phenomena.

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1. Systematic- when it follows
steps or stages that begin with the
identification of the problem, relating
of the problem with existing theories,
collection of data, analysis and
interpretation of these data, drawing
of conclusions, and integration of
these conclusions into the stream of
knowledge.

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2. Controlled – unlike ordinary problem
solving which may be done cursorily.
Scientific research is so planned every step
of the way that fancy and guess work do not
set in. The problem is defined thoroughly,
variables identified and selected, instruments
carefully selected or constructed and
conclusions drawn only from the data
yielded. Hence, due to the controlled
employed in the research, exact outcomes
are expected.

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3. As soon as the data have been
collected, evidences are now on
hand to confirm or refute the
hypothesis formulated at the start of
the investigation. These empirical
data will from the bases for
conclusion.

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4. After the researcher has completed
the research, the whole work is ready
for critical analysis by a panel of
judges that passes judgment on the
entire research.

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Isidro and Malolos (1979) – They
defined research as a process of
scientific thinking that leads to the
discovery or establishment of new
knowledge or truth. According to
them scientific thinking:

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1. It is based on facts
2. It starts from a complex of
problems
3. It is free from personal bias or
opinions
4. It uses objective measurements.

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Characteristics of Research

1. Research is directed towards the

solution of a problem.
2. Research emphasizes the development
of generalizations, principles or theories
that will be helpful in predicting future
occurrences.
3. Research is based upon observable
experience or empirical evidence.

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4. Research demands accurate
observations and description.
5. Research involves gathering new
data from primary or first-hand sources
or using existing data for a new
purpose.
6. Characterized by carefully designed
procedures, always applying rigorous
analysis.

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7. Research requires expertise.
8. Research strives to be objective and
logical, applying every possible test to
validate the procedures employed, that
data collected and the conclusion
reached.
9. Research involves the quest for
answers to unsolved problems.

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10. Research is characterized by patient
and unhurried activity.
11. Research is carefully recorded and
reported.
12. Research sometimes requires
courage

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The Research Process
Since research is scientific process, it
follows a step by step procedure essential
in the formulation of new knowledge.
1. Preliminary readings.
Sources of Problems
Best (1981) gives the following as the most
likely sources which one may go for a suitable
research problem in education.

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1. Actual problems encountered
Classroom, school, community
2. Technological changes and curriculum
developments.
3. The graduate academic experience
4. Consultation
Professors , advisers and others.
5. When there is an absence of information
resulting in a gap in our knowledge.

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6. When there are contradictory results.
7. When a fact exists and you intend to
make your study explain it.
8. Implementation of government laws.

2. Problem identification. This is a step

wherein a researcher evaluates tentative problems
/titles which are products of the preliminary
readings. The problem chosen will now be
developed into a research study or thesis.

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Characteristics of Research Problem

1. The topic should be of great interest to you.

2. It is useful for the concerned people in a
particular field.
3. It should possess novelty.
4. A good problem is one which invites more
complex designing.
5. A good problem can be completed in the
allotted time desired.
6. A good problem does not carry ethical or
moral impediments.

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3. Searching information for the
writing of a research proposal.

In most cases, the researcher conducts

library research to find a theory and
information from related literature and
studies essential in the development of a
research proposal.

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4. Writing a research proposal.
A research proposal is a plan of a study.
Writing a research proposal entails a short
period of time if a researcher has sufficient
data. This step includes the writing of the
component parts of the introduction, review of
literature and research methodology. This is of
course depending on the format prescribed by
the academic and research institutions.

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5. Evaluation of the research proposal
by a panel.

Upon the development of the research

proposal, it will be presented to a panel who
will evaluate and approve the conduct of the
study. This may be in a form of panel defense
or in-house review. The panel will provide
suggestions for the conduct of the study and
the writing of the manuscript.

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6. Collection of data.
This is a step in which data are gathered
using one or more research instruments
like questionnaire checklist, interview
schedule, interview guide, tests,
mechanical instruments, etc.

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7. Processing of data.

This step pertains to the process of

tallying, tabulation and computation
using statistical tools to solve the
specific problems of the study.

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8. Analysis and interpretation of data.

This is the process of providing

meanings to the results of the
statistical computations.

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9. Writing and editing the research report.

This step deals with the writing of the

research report or manuscript based on
the prescribe formal of the institution.
Then, the research report will be edited
to realign the grammatical and language
correctness of the report.

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10. Presentation of the research
report in a forum.

Upon completion of the research report, it will

be presented to a forum. The report maybe
transformed into a research paper using a
format designed for the purpose. The
evaluation shall be based on the criteria set
forth for the purpose.

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11. Publication in a research
journal.

The research report or paper does not

ends in the presentation in a forum, but it
will be published in a research journal for
wide range utilization.

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 Writing the title of the
investigation
Functions of the Title
1. It draws in summary form, the content of the entire
investigation.

2. It serves as a frame of reference for the whole

thesis.

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3. It enables the researcher to claim the title
as his own.

4. It helps other researchers to refer to the

work for possible survey or theory.

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Baker and Shudtz (1972) – set the
maximum of 20 substantive words,
function words not included in the
counting.

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Guidelines in the formulation of
the titles of your thesis

1. The title must contain the following elements

:
1.1 subject matter or problem
1.2 the setting or locale of the study
1.3 the respondents or participants involved
in the study
1.4 the time or period when the study was
conducted

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2. Title must be broad enough to
include all aspects of the study but
should be brief and concise as
possible.
3. The use of terms such as - “A study
of”, “An investigation of”, “An inquiry
into”, “A comparison of” must be
dropped from the title since all theses,
dissertations are investigation.

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4. If the tile contains more than one
line, it should be written in an inverted
pyramid.
5. When typed or encoded in the title
page, all words in the title should be in
capital letters.
6. If possible, the title should not be
longer than 15 words.

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7. Avoid a long, detailed title that gives
too much information.

Defending a problem, construction

of title, and making statement of the
problem

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 THEORETICAL AND CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK

Theoretical Framework
A theoretical framework is the discussion of a
theory which serves as a foundation of the study.

The theoretical framework includes the

presentation of the theory and its proponent, the nature
of the theory and the discussions on why the theory
became the foundation of the study.

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Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework is the

discussions of the conceptual model.
The conceptual model is otherwise
known as a research model. This is a
model depicting the researcher’s
concept of the study.

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RELATED LITERATURE
Nature of the Review of Related Literature

The review of related literature is the

presentation of literature related to the study. These
are the literature strengthening the researchers
concept of the study. It is classified into conceptual
literature and research literature. The conceptual
literature are literature mostly taken from books and
other printed materials, while research literature are
related studies such as theses, dissertations and
research papers or studies.

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 The literature are further classified
into foreign and local literatures.
Foreign literature are literature which are
published or evaluated in foreign
countries and local literature are literature
which are published or evaluated in the
Philippines.

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 Some information derived from
review of related literature and studies
are integrated in the discussion of the
introduction of the study.
The number of review of literature
that should be presented in a thesis or
dissertation greatly depends on the
format of a college, university or
research institution. Calderon (1993)
emphasizes the following guidelines:
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1. The literature must be recent as
possible. The materials to be presented
should be five years ago during the
conduct of the study. However there are
some considerations when the study
being conducted is novel or new, where
10 to 15 years are still used.

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2. Literature must be relevant to the
study. The materials which will be
reviewed must have some similarities to
the study being conducted.

3. Literature must not be too few but not

too many. The materials must be
sufficient to justify the conduct of the
study.

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Sources of Review of Related Literature
Related literature of a thesis or dissertation can
be sourced out from books, legal documents,
newspapers and other printed materials stored in
libraries in various agencies in the country. It can also
be taken from web-site developed for the purpose.
Some libraries which students can get information are:
National Library
Fund Assistance for Private Education
Library
Department of Education Library
Government Agencies Libraries
Local Government Libraries
Universities and Colleges Libraries

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 RESEARCH DESIGN

Types of Research Design

1. Descriptive Research Design. This is a
design which is used in conducting studies
dealing with what is presently existing. The
following are specific descriptive research
design.
The following design used by
researchers in conducting descriptive
research:

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1. Descriptive-survey. This approach is
appropriate wherever the object of any
class vary among themselves and one is
interested in knowing the extent to which
conditions obtain among these objects.
The word signifies gathering present
conditions. A survey is useful in proving
the value facts and focusing attention on
the most important things reported.

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2. Descriptive-status. This approach to
problem-solving seeks to answer questions to
real facts relating the existing conditions. This
is a technique of quantitative description which
determines the prevailing conditions in a group
of cases chosen for study. It stresses current
conditions with the assumption that things will
change. They cover many traits of
characteristics of a group.

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3. Descriptive-classification. This
method is employed in natural sciences
subjects such as Botany, Zoology,
Biology, and the like. Specimens collected
are classified from Phylum to species.

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 4. Descriptive-evaluative. This design
is to appraise carefully the worthiness of the
current study. For instance, the researcher
wishes to conduct a study on the evaluation of
an implementation of work-oriented curriculum
at the fishery schools in the province of Iloilo.
He devises a questionnaire which evaluates
the implementation of work oriented curriculum
and requests the supervisory officials, fishery
teachers, and students such as subjects of the
study to respond to it.

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5. Descriptive-comparative. This is a
design in which the researcher
considers at least to entities (not
manipulated) and establishes a formal
procedure for obtaining criterion data
on the basis of which he can compare
and conclude which of the two is better.

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6. Descriptive-Correlational. This is a
design used to determine the
relationships of two variables (Xand Y)
whether the relationship is perfect, very
high, high, marked or moderate, slight, or
negligible.

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7. Case study. This is a design
which intensively investigates an
individual or a small unit. Quantitative

8. Content analysis. This is a design

which analyzes the content of a
particular printed materials or
documents like books, essays, poems,
etc.

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9. Project Feasibility Study. This is a study
which determines possible implementation of a
particular project.
2. Experimental Research Design. It is method of
research that directly attempts to affect a particular
variable. In other words it can really test a hypotheses
about cause-and-effect relationships. Some of the
experimental research designs used by academic
institutions are presented below which are described by
Fraenkel and Wallen (1993).

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1. Weak Experimental Designs. These are
considered as weak because they do not have built-
in control for threats to internal validity. In other
words, it is difficult to assess the validity and
effectiveness of the independent variables.

1.1. One Shot Case Study. A design wherein a single

group is exposed to a treatment or event and the
outcome is observed.

X O
Treatment Observation

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1.2. One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. This
is a design wherein a single group is measured
before and after exposing a particular
treatment.

O X O

Observation Treatment Observation

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1.3 Static Comparison Design. This is a
design using two groups and the
performance of the groups will be measured
after a treatment.

X1 O
X2 O
Treatment Observation

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 1.4 Static Group Pretest-posttest Design. This
design uses two groups and the groups are
measured before and after treatment has been
made.

O X1 O
O X2 O
Observation Treatment Observation

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 2. True Experimental Design. True
experimental designs use subjects which
are randomly selected paving the way to
control threats to internal validity.

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 2.1. Randomized Posttest-Only Control Group
Design. This is a design wherein two groups whose
members are randomly selected. One group is
exposed to treatment and measurement will be made
and the other group has no treatment but measured
using the technique used in the treatment group.

Treatment Group R X1 O
Control Group Design R X2 O

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 2.2. Randomized Pretest-Posttest Control Group
Design. In this design, two groups whose members
are randomly selected. One group is measured
before and after exposing to a treatment and the other
group is measured before and after the intervention
(but not a treatment).

Treatment Group R O X1 O
Control Group Design R O X2 O

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2.3 Randomized Solomon Four-Group Design. This design
uses four groups whose members are randomly selected.
The two groups which are the treatment and control groups
are measured before and after the interventions, while the
other two groups are measured after the interventions.

Treatment Group R O X1 O
Control Group R O X2 O
Treatment Group R X1 O
Control Group Design R X2 O

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Threats to Internal Validity in
Experiment
1. Subject Characteristics-Gender, critical thinking ability, etc.
2. Mortality- Dropouts, deaths of the subjects.
3. Location- Place of the experiment.
4. Instrumentation- Instrument decay, data collectors
characteristics.
5. Testing- Pre-testing and post-testing.
6. History- Specific events happened during the experiment.
7. Maturation- Biological and psychological processes of the
subjects.
8. Attitudinal Effects- Giving special attention to any member of
the subject.
9. Implementation- Instructors/teacher’s ability in
conducting/collecting data.
10. Regression- Rise and fall of performance of the subjects.

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3. Historical Research Design

Historical research method is

method which attempt to narrate and
describe past events or facts written
through critical inquiry for the whole truth.
Historical research method investigates
the following:
1. Geographical area such us country, region,
province, city, town or a historical site.

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2. Institution like educational institutions,
business organizations or foundations.

3. Important historical events like EDSA

revolution, World War II and Leyte
landing of Gen. McArthur.

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