DEEP FOUNDATION

PILE FOUNDATION
 Situations where pile foundations are used

 Load of superstructure is heavy and uneven

 Top soil has poor bearing capacity
 Subsoil water level is high, open pit excavation
is not applicable
 Structure situated near water bodies
 Structure is near canal or deep drainage line
 Top soil is expansive in nature
 Where deep strip foundation is difficult
Classification based on materials and
composition
1)Concrete piles
(a)Pre-cast piles
(b)Cast-in-situ
(i)driven piles: cased and uncased
(ii)bored piles: pressure piles , under-
reamed piles and bored compaction piles
2)Timber piles
3)Steel piles
(a) H-pile
(b)Pipe pile
(c)box pile
4)Composite piles
(a) Concrete and timber
(b) Concrete and steel
1) CONCRETE PILES
a)Pre-cast piles
 manufactured in the factory or at a place away
from the site
 These are generally used for maximum load of
800kN
 cross section may be circular, square or
hexagonal
 designed to resist the handling stress by
reinforcement
 Heavy equipment is required for handling and
driving purpose
Advantages : -
 driving of these piles are easy in soft soils
 can be driven in water also
 proper curing can be given hence the required
strength is achieved
 can be prepared to have high chemical and
biological resistance
Casing
b)Cast in situ piles
 cast in the site

 Maximum design load of 750kN

 a hole is made by excavating with auger or by

driving a casing
 hole is then filled up with cement concrete

 casing may be withdrawn after the hole is made

or it may be left in position
DRIVEN PILES:
CASED CAST IN-SITU
Suitable for all types of ground conditions
casing is inserted in the borehole and after concreting it
is left in the soil itself
Advantage – Internal inspection can be made after
driven
Types: -
Raymond piles
Mac Arthur piles
Union metal monotube piles
Western Button bottom piles
Swage piles
CAST IN SITU PILES
RAYMOND PILES
Raymond standard concrete pile:-
 Used as friction pile
 Uniform heavy taper of 1 in 30(shorter piles)
 length-6 to 12m
 Dia-top-40 to 60cm
 bottom-20 to 30cm
 Thin corrugated steel shell closed at the bottom by steel boot
 It is wound spirally by wire(8cm pitch)
 Shell is driven into the ground using a mechanically
collapsible steel mandrel or core
 After withdrawing the mandrel ,the casing is filled with
concrete
 Inspection can be made by using the flash light or drop light
Raymond step-taper concrete pile
 Used either as end bearing or friction pile

 Used in any type of soil

 Shell sections of different lengths

 Joints between shells are screw connected

 Pile dia increases at the rate of 2.5cm for each

successive shell section
 Upto a depth of 36m ,using 20cm tip
Mc Arthur cased pile
 Uniform dia
 Corrugated steel shell which remains in place

 Driven using additional steel casing of heavy

gauge
 Heavy steel casing with central core is driven into
the ground with corrugated shell within the
casing
 Concrete is placed in the shell, compacted and
steel casing is withdrawn
Union metal monotube piles
 Variety of soil conditions
 Either end bearing or friction
piles
 Corrugated steel shell
provides water tight joint
 Shell after inspection is driven
and filled with concrete and
excess length is cut
 Stiffness of shell is very good
Swage piles
 Used when other types of piles are found hard to
be driven in some soils
 Used when water tight shells are needed before
concreting
 A thin steel pile (shell) is placed on precast
concrete plug, and a steel core which is not long
enough to reach the plug is inserted in the shell
WESTERN BUTTON BOTTOM PILE
 Increased end bearing area is required
 Uses a concrete plug(button shape) which reduces the side
friction temporarily
 Length-23m
 Carry loads upto 55 tons
 Steel pipe 12mm thick walls is set over concrete button
 Pipe and button are driven to required depth
 Corrugated shell is inserted inside resting on the button
 Steel plate with a bolt hole is welded on the bottom of the
shell
 This bolt hole will fit over the bolt on the plug
 Casing with drawn and filled with cement
Cast in-situ pile(Driven pile)
ii) Un cased cast in situ pile
 No casing is left in the soil
 Casing used is withdrawn as concreting
progresses
 Cheap compared to cased piles
Types: -
1. Simplex piles
2.Franki piles
3.Vibro piles
4.Pedestal piles
Simplex pile

 Driven through hard and soft soil

 Steel tube with iron shoe is driven to required
depth
 Reinforcement is put inside the tube

 Concrete is poured and tube is

withdrawn(simplex standard pile).if compaction
is given(simplex tamped pile)
 The soil must be firm to hold the green concrete
or a thin outer casing or shell is given to hold the
concrete
Franki piles
 Enlarged base of mushroom shape which gives the
effect of spread footing
 Best suited to granular soil
 Pipe shell is driven
 Dry concrete or gravel is poured which is compacted
and driven down using diesel operated hammer of 20
to 30KN weight
 A dense plug is formed(mushroom shape) which
drags the tube downwards
 When certain depth is reached the casing is held in
position using cables and concrete is hammered
down and outward
 Pile dia 50-60cm
 Enlarged base dia- 90cm or more

 Pile carrying capacity=60t – 90t

Vibro piles
 Used where ground is soft ,thus offering little
resistance to the flow of concrete
 Standard and expanded type

 Standard type
 Sizes= 35,45 and 55cm
 Loads=60 to 70t

 length-=25m and over

 Steel tube fitted with a cast iron shoe

 Hammered into the ground to desired depth

 Hammer is 2 to 2.5t operated by steam or compressed
air delivering upto 40 blows per min with a stroke of
1.4m
 Extracting links are fitted to the hammer and tube
 Tube is filled with concrete(1:2:4 mix)
 Hammer then operates at 80 blows per minute
 Upstroke uplifts the tube and downstroke compacts the
concrete
Expanded type
 Tube fitted with conical shoe driven into desired depth

 Charge of concrete is filled in the tube upto some desired

depth
 Tube is completely withdrawn in a single action leaving
behind the conical shoe and concrete over it
 Tube is fitted with a flat shoe and is again lowered

 The flat shoe and tube penetrates into concrete resulting

in a bulged end
 Reinforcement cage is lowered and tube is filled with
concrete
 Tube is withdrawn and filling & compaction of concrete
is done by succession of upward extracting and
downward consolidating blow
Mc Arthur pedestal type
 Thin bearing strata is reached at a reasonable depth
 Pedestal gives the effect of spread footing
 Steel tube,steel casing,lower end is flat and the core
touches the flat portion
 Core and casing are driven together till required
depth
 Core is taken out and charge of concrete is placed
 Core is replaced and the concrete is rammed out by
hammering movement of core,thus resulting in the
formation of pedestal
CAST IN-SITU (BORED PILES)
 Bore hole is formed in the ground
 It is then concreted with or without casing tube
 Lesser vibration and noise
 Used when adequate bearing capacity is so deep that
are difficult to reach by driven piles
Types:-
Pressure piles
Under-reamed piles
Bored compaction piles
 PRESSURE PILES
 Suitable for congested sites where heavy noise and
vibrations are not permissible
 Uses casing tube, boring auger and compressed air
equipment
 Steel tube-1.2 to 1.8m long,40cm dia ,soil within is
excavated using an auger
 Steel tube sections are inserted till required depth is
achieved
 The top of tube is closed using a pressure cap
 Compressed air is introduced through the air pipe of
pressure cap, thus forcing down the concrete against
the surrounding soil ,simultaneously the tube is
extracted
 UNDER-REAMED PILES
 They have one or more bulbs formed by enlarging the bore hole
for the pile stem by an under reaming tool
 Ground is levelled and boring guide is correctly positioned
 Boring guide consists of a square frame with two sets of flaps
and four detachable arms having bolting arrangement at corners
 Spikes are fixed,one in
each arm
 Spiral auger is lowered into the round
hole so formed and flaps are tightened
 Auger is rotated to make a bore hole

 The under reaming tool attached with a

bucket is then lowered vertically down in

the bore hole with the help of a boring
guide
 Under reaming tool consists of an assembly off two blades fixed
around a central shaft and a detachable bucket for holding the
cut soil
 A pin inserted in the shaft controls the max dia of the bulb to be
cut
 When pressure is applied on the lowered under reamer
assembly the blades gradually widen or open out and cut the
soil which falls in the bucket
 •WHEN THE BUCKET IS FULL, A PULL IS APPLIED TO THE HANDLE
AND THE BLADES FOLD IN VERTICALLY AND THE ASSEMBLY IS
TAKEN OUT FOR EMPTYING THE BUCKET
 Bulb so formed is inspected for correct measurements

 Reinforcement cage is lowered and a concreting funnel is

placed of top and
concrete is poured
through it
 Concrete is

compacted and
pile is formed
ADVANTAGES OF CAST IN SITU PILES
 Wastage of material is less as only the required
length is cast
 No case of stress due to handling and driving and
hence no extra reinforcement
 Transportation is avoided
 Time for curing is saved
 No fear of breaking of piles
 Can be designed for heavy loads by providing
bulbs or pedestals
2)Timber piles
 Trunks of trees are used
 Provided with an iron cap at the
bottom and steel plate at the top
 Used for temporary and unimportant
constructions
 Coconut stems are usually used
 Can take loads upto 20 tonnes
 Square or circular
 Iron ring is fixed at the top to avoid damage during
piling
2)Timber piles
Diameter of circular pile – 30 to 50cm
Size of square pile – 30 to 50cm
Length of the pile should not be more than 20
times its top width
Advantages
-can be driven quickly with lighter driving equipment
-transportation and making is easier
-skilled supervision is not required
-cheaper and economical

Disadvantages
Deteriorate and decay fast
Cannot be driven without damage in made up grounds
Not very useful in hard and rocky strata
Low carrying capacity
Restrictions in length hence cannot be used as piles
3)Steel piles
-rolled steel sections or fabricated sections are
used as piles
-bearing capacity of steel is very high
-steel piles take up- lateral or horizontal force
and resists buckling of piles
-handling and driving is easier
-more durable
 Types:-
H-pile
Box pile
Tube or pipe piles
 H PILES
 Rock or hard material
 They have very small soil
displacement
 They extend above the soil as
columns
for super structures
 Construction of bridges,piles need to
be driven near existing structures
 Easy to handle,transport,long life,
withstand large lateral force
 They can be spliced
TUBE OR PIPE PILES

 Seamless or welded
pipes
 Driven either as closed
end or open end
 Concrete is filled inside
to provide strength
 Closed end type has a
driving point to the tip
of pile
 BOX PILES

 Supports sea
structures
 Driven either as
closed end or open
end
 Concrete is filled
inside to provide
strength and to
prevent corrosion
 Closed end type has a
driving point to the tip
of pile
4)Composite piles
 Two different types of materials
-one above the other
 -timber and concrete is most commo
used
 -sometimes steel and concrete
is also used

 -

cheap and simple to construct

TIMBER AND CONCRETE COMPOSITE PILE
 Timber is used below
 Concrete usually cast in situ is placed on it
 Steel casing and steel core is driven into the ground well
below the lowest ground water level
 Core is withdrawn and timber is placed instead
 Core is placed on timber and casing and timber are forced
down to required depth
 Core is withdrawn and a charge of concrete is placed on the
timber
 Core is replaced and pressure is applied on concrete and the
casing is withdrawn. This results in the formation of a
pedestal around the top of timber
 Remaining portion of concrete pile is formed by putting more
concrete in the tube