Development

Through the Lifespan

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Chapter 11
Physical and
Cognitive
Development in
Adolescence
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Conceptions of Adolescence

Biological perspective
 puberty
 storm and stress
 Freud – genital stage
Social perspective Corbis Images

 social and cultural influences

Balanced point of view
 both biological and social
influences
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Three Phases of Adolescence

11–12 to
Early Rapid pubertal change
14 years

Middle 14 to 16 years Puberty nearly complete

Full adult appearance


Late 16 to 18 years
 Anticipation of adult roles

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Hormonal Changes in Puberty

Estrogens
 more in girls
 adrenal estrogens
Androgens
 more in boys
 testosterone

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 Adolescent Brain
Development
Pruning
Frontal lobes Cognitive advances
continues.
 attention
 planning
Growth and Strengthen  integrating information
myelination connections  self-regulation
speed up. among regions

Neurotransmitter More sensitive to Intensifies reactions to

response excitatory  stress
changes. messages  pleasure, novelty

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Sleep Habits in Adolescence
Still need almost as much sleep, but go to
bed later
 biological “phase delay”
 social habits
Lack of sleep impairs regulation of attention,
emotion
 lower achievement
 mood problems
 high-risk behaviors

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 Adolescent
Moodiness
More negative life
events
Stronger
responses
Mood swings
 related to daily
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events
 cultural scripts

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Parent–Child Relationships
During Adolescence
Rise in conflict
 adaptive behavior
 psychological distancing

 different views of teen readiness for

responsibility
Most conflict is mild.
 also affection, support
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 Consequences of
Timing of Puberty
Girls Boys
 Unpopular, withdrawn, low  Popular
confidence  Confident, independent
Early
 More deviant behavior  Positive body image
Maturing  Negative body image
 More long-term problems
 Popular  Unpopular
 Sociable, lively, school leaders Anxious, talkative,
Late 
 Positive body image attention-seeking
Maturing
 Negative body image

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 Factors in Reactions
to Timing of Puberty
Physical attractiveness –
body image
 girls: most want to be
thinner, smaller
 boys: most want to be bigger
Fitting in with peers
 prefer similar level
of physical maturity
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 Eating Disorders

Severe dieting strong

indicator
Family relationships
Cultural pressure
 anorexia nervosa
 starve out of fear of
getting fat
Corbis Images
 difficult to treat
 bulimia nervosa
 strict diet and
exercise, then binge
and purge
 more common, easier
to treat
 Sequence of Coming Out

Feeling different
ages 6–12
Confusion
ages 11–15
Self-acceptance Gay Lifestyles

timing varies

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 Piaget’s Theory:
Formal Operational Stage
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning
 deducing hypotheses from a general theory
 pendulum problem
 Formal Operational Stage
Propositional thought
 evaluating the logic of verbal propositions
 Either the chip in my hand is green or it is not
green
 The chip in my hand is green and it is not
green
 Chip hidden –
 Chip visible – if green? If red?
 True or false?
 Follow-Up Research on
Formal Operational Thought
School-age children start developing
abstract thinking skills.
 problems with propositional thinking
 logical
necessity
If dogs are bigger than elephants and elephants
are bigger than mice, then dogs are bigger than
mice
Logic of propositions irrespective of contents

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 Follow-Up Research on
Formal Operational Thought
Formal operations may not be universal.
 training, context contribute
 often fall back on easier thinking

 schooling essential factor

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 Scientific Reasoning
Coordinating theory with evidence
Improves with age
 from childhood through adulthood
 individuals vary
Contributing factors:
 working memory capacity
 exposure to complex problems
 metacognitive understanding
 open-mindedness
Photodisc

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 Consequences of
Abstract Thought
Self-consciousness and self-focusing
 imaginary audience
 sensitivity to criticism

 personal fable

Idealism and criticism

Planning and decision making
 inexperience
 overwhelming options

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 School Transitions
in Adolescence
Grades decline with each
transition.
 higher standards
 less supportive teaching–
learning environment
Lower self-esteem
 more with 6–3–3 Corbis Images

organization than 8–4

 girls more than boys

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 Development
Through the Lifespan
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Chapter 12
Emotional and Social
Development in
Adolescence

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 Preparation of any derivative work, including the
extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
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 Erikson’s Theory:
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Identity Role Confusion
Defining who you are, Lack of direction and
what you value and definition of self
direction in life Restricted exploration in
adolescence
Commitments to vocation,
 earlier psychosocial
personal relationships, conflicts not resolved
sexual orientation, ethnic  society restricts choices
group, ideals
Unprepared for stages of
Exploration, resolution of adulthood
“identity crisis”

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Self-Concept in Adolescence

Unify separate traits into

larger, abstract ones
May describe contradictory
traits; social situations
Gradually combine traits
into organized system
DigitalVision  qualifiers
 integrating principles
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Self-Esteem in Adolescence
Continues to differentiate
 new dimensions
Generally rises
 temporarily drops at school
transitions
Individual differences become
more stable.
Self-esteem linked to value of
activities, adjustment DigitalVision

Influenced by family, culture

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 Identity Statuses

Level of Commitment
Level of Exploration

High Low

identity
High moratorium
achievement

identity
Low identity diffusion
foreclosure

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 Identity Status
and Cognitive Style
Identity achieved Information-
Moratorium gathering

Foreclosure Dogmatic,
Diffusion inflexible

Long-term diffusion Diffuse-avoidant

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 Kohlberg’s Stages of
Moral Development
Preconventional Stage 1: Punishment and obedience
level Stage 2: Instrumental purpose
Stage 3: “Good boy–good girl” (morality
Conventional of interpersonal cooperation)
level
Stage 4: Social-order-maintaining
Postconventional Stage 5: Social contract
or principled
Stage 6: Universal ethical principle
level

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 Research on Kohlberg’s
Theory
Few, if any, people reach postconventional
 morality.

“Conventional” levels may require more

 profound thought than Kohlberg suggested.
In real life, people often reason below levels of
which they are capable.
  situational factors

 emotions

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 Sex Differences in
Moral Reasoning?
Kohlberg Rights and justice orientation

Caring for others orientation

Gilligan
 ethic of care

While males and females use both orientations,

females may stress care more.
 greater experience as caregivers

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 Gender Intensification
in Adolescence
Increased gender
stereotyping of attitudes
and behavior
Biological, social,
cognitive factors
More in early
Sports & Recreation adolescence, declines
in middle to late
adolescence
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 Parent–Child Relationships
in Adolescence
Autonomy
 deidealize parents
 shift from parents to self and peers for
guidance
Authoritative parenting
 balances autonomy with monitoring
as needed
 extra challenging during adolescence

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 Characteristics of
Adolescent Friendships
Fewer “best friends”
Stress intimacy, loyalty
 closeness, trust, self-disclosure
Friends are similar or get
more similar
 identity status
 aspirations
 politics
 deviant behavior DigitalVision

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 Gender Differences in
Adolescent Friendships
Girls Boys
Emotional closeness, Achievement, status
communal concerns Get together for
activities
Get together to “just
Intimacy related to
talk”
gender identity
 self-disclosure  androgynous: more
likely to be intimate
friends

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Self-Disclosure in
Relationships

Figure 12.2
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 Risks of Close Friendships
Corumination
Relational aggression
 girls’ closest friendships
shorter
Victimization from online-
only friends Teens and Young Adults

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 Benefits of
Adolescent Friendships
 Opportunities to explore self
 Form deep understanding of another
 Foundation for future intimate
relationships
 Help deal with life stress
 Can improve attitude toward and
involvement in school
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 Cliques and Crowds
Clique
 small group: 5–7
 good friends
 identified by interests,
social status
Crowd
 larger: several cliques Sports & Recreation

 membership based on
reputation, stereotype

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 From Cliques to Dating

Boys’ and girls’ cliques come together.

Mixed-sex cliques hang out.
Several couples form and
do things together.
Individual couples
Corbis Images

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 Changes in Dating
During Adolescence
Goals change throughout
adolescence.
 early: recreation, group activities,
shallow intimacy
 gradually look for more intimacy
Relations with parents, friends
contribute to internal working
models for dating
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Depression in Adolescence
Most common psychological problem of
adolescence—affects 15–20%
Twice as many girls as boys
 early-maturing girls
 gender intensification
 adults may not take seriously
Factors
 genetics
 child-rearing practices
 learned helplessness
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 Adolescent Suicide
A leading cause of death for North American youth
Related factors:
 gender
 ethnicity
 family environment
 sexual orientation
 mental disorders
 life stress
 personality:
 intelligent, withdrawn
 antisocial, emotional
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Path to Chronic Delinquency

Figure 12.5

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