EARTH MATERIALS AND RESOURCES:

ENERGY RESOURCES
• Non- renewable resources
1. coal
2. oil
3. natural gas
4. nuclear
Renewable resources
1. solar
2. wind
3.hydroelectric
4. biomass
5. geothermal
• Uses of Energy
• agricultural
• transportation
• residential
• commercial
• industrial
• Coal – is a combustible black or brownish black
sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata
in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams.
• anthracite--harder form of coal can be
metamorphic (exposed to elevated temperature
and pressure )
• COALIFICATION - formation of coal from plant
material by the processes of diagenesis and
metamorphism – also known as bituminization or
carbonification
• Sedimentation turn cellulose from peat to lignite (
brown coal), then sub- bituminous coal, followed by
bituminous coal and finally, anthracite. Anthracite has
the highest carbon content.
• TYPES OF COAL:
• anthracite
• bituminous
• sub bituminous
• lignite
• peat
• Types of Hydropower Plant
• • The type of plant varies with the site's configuration, the waterway and the intended use.

• Run-of-river plants produce energy using the flow of the river. With dams less than
25 meters
• high, these “small hydro” plants generate power continuously to meet daily needs.

• • Off-stream plants are modular, meaning that energy can be produced on demand,
with
• dams used to create reservoirs that can be released as required. On lakes, water falls from a
• significant height (over 300 meters); on locks, from between 20 and 300 meters.

• • Pumped storage power plants are specifically designed for modular

operation. They have
• two reservoirs at different heights. When demand requires, water is released from the higher
• reservoir to the lower reservoir. When there is excess production — for example, from wind
• or solar sources — the surplus electricity is used to pump water into the higher reservoir
• Using the previous groupings during the enrichment activity, divide the class into groups and
• conduct research on how the Philippines, through the Department of Energy, will ensure
energy
• self-sufficiency while safeguarding the environment for future generations. This may seem
like a
• daunting exercise for jstudents but the goal is to get them to think outside of
• the classroom environment and relate what they learn in a classroom environment to the
“real
• world”. This gives more meaning and importance to what they learn inside the classroom as
it
• stresses its direct impact to our society. Make sure to assess each group’s progress as early as
• two days after the case study has been assigned. This will ensure that they are on track with
the
• exercise. In the event that they struggle with the exercise, ask them to start their research by
• looking up the DOE’s Philippine Energy Plan 2012-2030. Below is an excerpt of the Philippine
• DOE’s policy trusts that will guide their conduct of their case studies: