PERSONAL

DEVELOPMENT
HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT AND
PERSONAL
DEVELOPMENT
PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

 is defined as the process in which persons

reflect upon themselves, understand who they
are , accept what they discover about
themselves and learn (unlearn) new sets of
values, attitudes, behavior and thinking skills to
reach their fullest potential as human beings.
 DEFINITION OF TERMS
PERSONAL
 belonging or relating to a
particular person
 made or designed to be
used by one person
e.g.
This is just my personal
opinion.
We do not accept
personal checks.
I can only tell you what I
know
from personal
experience.
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
 the set of emotional qualities,
ways of behaving, that makes a
the act or process of
person different from other growing or causing
person.
 Attractive qualities (such as
something to grow or
energy, friendliness and humor ) become larger or
that makes the person interesting
or pleasant to be with; more advanced
 distinction or excellence of The act or process of
personal and social traits.
creating something
e.g. over a period of time
He has very pleasant personality.
We all have different
personalities.
He wants to buy a car that has
personality.
 ORIGIN OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

The evolution of understanding of human development

my have started eons ago when the first homo sapiens
walked the face of the earth. The cavemen who drew
figures on their cave walls attempted to narrate their
experiences such as hunting. The act of drawing can be
deemed as an attempt toward creative expression and
narration. It was during the time of Western philosophers,
particularly the Greek thinkers, when question about the
self and about being human were started to be asked.
 ORIGIN OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

In Republic, which some consider to be the greatest work

on the philosophy of education, Plato argued tat building a
character , as much as intelligence is what education is all
about. Even during the early times of human development
and civilization, there was already an attempt to link
individual development with social responsibility. This could
be the seeds of personal development in Western thinking
that eventually evolved into the Human potential Movement
in the 1960’s influenced by the popular philosophies at that
time.
 ORIGIN OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

Eastern thought may be understood personal

development through another concept. The great Chinese
being will always desire to become the “superior man” not
just to his peers and followers, but to himself most
especially.
Even religions may have influenced personal development
through their adherence to many rituals in self discipline ,
meditation, prayer, physical exercises such as yoga and
fasting, and creative act of expressions such as singing,
dancing and acting.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
 Is one of the most stunning process in life. We all change as we age.
3 ASPECTS OR DOMAINS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
1. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
 covers the growth of the body and the brain, motor and
sensory skills and even physical health.
2. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Which covers our capacity to learn, to speak, to
understand, to reason and to create.
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
3.PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
 includes our social interactions with other people, our
emotions, attitudes, self identity, personality, beliefs and
values.
 HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IS ALSO INFLUENCED BY:

 HEREDITY or the inborn traits pass on by generations of

offspring's from both sides of biological parents’ families.
 ENVIRONMENT is the world outside of ourselves and the
experiences that results from our contact and
interactions with this external world.
 MATURATION is the natural progression of brain and the
body that affects the cognitive ( thinking, intelligence),
psychological ( emotion, attitude and self identity) and
social ( relationships) dimension of a person.
 STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
SIGMUND FREUD’s PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is a popular psychologist
whose theory of human development and personality
sparked great interest. He believe that early
experience are very important in human development.
Satisfaction of each area is important to develop
healthy personality. If needs are not met or satisfied
excessively, fixation occurs which is characterized by
attachment to a particular object or activity and may
affect development.
 5 STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

STAGE APPROXIMATE FOCUS TRAIT OUTCOMES

PERIOD
ORAL First year of life (0 Oral pleasure through Fixation can lead to
-1) mouth, eating, sucking, overeating, smoking,
chewing and biting. drinking, nail biting ,
gossiping and cursing.
Second year to Anal pleasure to release Fixation can lead to
ANAL fourth year (2- 4) tension through the anus, being obsessive to
eliminating and retaining cleanliness or hating
feces and toilet training. mess (anal
retentiveness) The child
may become a
perfectionist or be
excessive compulsive.
5 STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT

STAGE APPROXIMATE FOCUS TRAIT OUTCOMES

PERIOD
Another possibility
is to become too
generous in
adulthood that the
person would want
to share or give
things away ( anal
expulsive). Moreover
the child may
become messy or
disorganized.
 5 STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
STAGE APPROXIMATE FOCUS TRAIT OUTCOMES
PERIOD
PHALLIC Fourth to Sixth Pleasure through genitals The child starts to
year ( 4-6) recognize what it means
to be a boy or a girl
with their physical
differences.
Conflict arise due to
greater emotional
attachment to ones
parent over another.
OEDIPUS COMPLEX
attachment of boy to
his mom, ELECTRA
COMPLEX attachment
of girl to her dad.
 5 STAGES OF PSYCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT
STAGE APPROXIMATE FOCUS TRAIT OUTCOMES
PERIOD
LATENCY Seventh year Resolving fixations or The child develop
to eleventh conflicts in previous closeness with his
year (7-11) stages, developing parents if conflicts
academic and social are resolved and
skills , physical abilities build social ties.
and talents.
GENITAL Twelfth year Sex role identity Called puberty stage
formation , this is the period of
adolescence . Sexual
interest is
awakened.
 “ The only person with
whom you have to compare
yourself is you in
the past”
 Sigmund Freud
 STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
ERIK ERIKSON’s PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY
Erik Erikson (1902- 1994) expanded Freud’s theory that
recognizes the importance of early experiences in
childhood. However he shifted his focus from Freud’s
biological perspective to psychosocial which takes into
account the role of social factors to influence
development. Each stage is characterized by
psychosocial conflict or crisis that an individual needs
to overcome to successfully move to the next stage.
THE EIGHT PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
STAGE ISSUES SOCIAL OUTCOMES
CONDITIONS
Stage 1: from birth to 1 year
Can I trust someone? Being able to trust Provide caring,
TRUST others esp. the attention and love
vs. mother
MISTRUST Mistrusting others,
estrangement

Stage 4 : 2 to 3 years
AUTONOMY Can I do these things? Develop self control Ability to cooperate
Vs. SHAME and and sense of to express oneself
DOUBT independence
without self esteem
Do I have the ability to Failure will result in
express myself? feelings of shame
THE EIGHT PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
STAGE ISSUES SOCIAL OUTCOMES
CONDITIONS
Stage 3: 3 to 5 years
Can I be independent? Opportunity; Develops sense of
INITIATIVE encouragement purpose
vs. Am I good? Lack of opportunity; Feels guilty
GUILT Am I bad? negative feelings

Stage 4 : 6 to 11 years
INDUSTRY Do I have the skills to Good education Becomes industrious ;
vs. adjust? training; good models develops self
INFERIORITY confidence
Am I already competent? Lack of training / Develop sense of
Am I worthy or not? direction/ support inferiority.
THE EIGHT PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
STAGE ISSUES SOCIAL CONDITIONS OUTCOMES
Stage 5: 12 to 18 years ( ADOLESCENCE)
IDENTITY Who am I? Clear sex models; good Develops identity
vs. sense of stability;
IDENTITY positive feedback
DIFFUSION What are my beliefs? Confusing purpose ; Identity crisis, role
values? feelings? vague expectations ; confusion
unclear feedback

Stage 6 : 19 to 40 years ( EARLY ADULTHOOD)

INTIMACY Should I get into a Understanding, trust, Is able to love and
Vs. relationship? acceptance commit.
ISOLATION Or should I stay single? Loneliness , exclusion Loneliness ;
depression
THE EIGHT PSYCHOSOCIAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
STAGE ISSUES SOCIAL OUTCOMES
CONDITIONS
Stage 7: 40 to 65 years ( MIDDLE ADULTHOOD)
GENERATIVITY What is my contribution Productivity; Feels productive
Vs. in this world? purposefulness
STAGNATION Will I produce something Lack of opportunity; Feeling unproductive;
valuable or relevant? enrichment stagnant

Stage 8; 65 years - up ( LATE ADULTHOOD)

INTEGRITY Have I live a full life? Sense of closure; Feels complete; has
Vs. clear attainment of sense of achievement
DESPAIR direction
Am I contented with what Lack of completeness Feels dissatisfied with
I have achieved in life? ; dissatisfaction life; in despair.
“ The more you know yourself,
the more patience you have
for what you see
in others ”
 Erik Erikson
 STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
JEAN PIAGET’s COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Jean Piaget (1896- 1980) considers the active role of an
individual as an important factor in human
development. He believes that an individual grows
through a dynamic process in which the body’s internal
system interacts with the environment. One needs to
strike a balance, a state he called equilibrium.
 STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
JEAN PIAGET’s COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Equilibration ( the process of achieving balance) marks
significant development of an individual. His theory of
development tries to explain how a child understands
the world, how she/he thinks, reason out, remembers
and solve problems. He considers education as a key
element in developing one’s cognitive skills.
 STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
STAGES PERIOD SOME DESCRIPTIONS
Sensorimotor From birth to 2  The child learns through sensory
years experiences.
Stage
 Knowledge is based on the senses,
and the child responds to people
and things through reflex
movements like sucking or
grasping.
 An important understanding that
should be attained is that an object
continues to exist even if its no
longer seen ( object permanence).
 The child should begin to form
mental images toward the latter
part of this stage.
 STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
STAGES PERIOD SOME DESCRIPTIONS
PRE- From 2 to 7  the child’s way of thinking is toward
himself/ herself (egocentric). The
OPERATIONAL years child thinks that the other people are
STAGE just like him or her in the way they
think or feel.
 The child continues to develop using
mental images and begins to use
symbols to represent what he knows (
symbolic thought) significantly through
language.
 The child may have difficulty
understanding that actions or thinking
can be reversed (1 + 2 can be 2 +1 )
 STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
STAGES PERIOD SOME DESCRIPTIONS
PRE- From 2 to 7  The child is unable to focus on several
aspects of a problem or understand
OPERATIONAL years cause and effect relationship.
STAGE  The child is limited in understanding
or appreciating another’s point of view
( e.g. A boy will insist to buy her
sister car for her birthday because he
thinks she will also have fun playing
with it as much as he does)
 The child tends to attribute human
characteristics to inanimate objects (
e.g. It rains because the sky is crying,
the child will put her doll to sleep )
 STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
STAGES PERIOD SOME DESCRIPTIONS
CONCRETE – 8 to 11 years  The child begins to be more logical
and able to perform simple operations
OPERATIONAL ( e.g. Basic Math computations),
STAGE begin to understand classifications (
e.g. living things and non living things)
and can understand reversibility ( e.g.
commutative property of addition)
FORMAL Starts to emerge  At this point he is no longer just
OPERATIONAL between 11 to 15 dependent on concrete
STAGE years perceptual experiences in the
present. In dealing with
situations, the past or the future
can be reference to know what
to do.
 STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
STAGES PERIOD SOME DESCRIPTIONS
FORMAL Starts to emerge  He / she is able to analyze
OPERATIONAL between 11 to 15 problems and consider different
STAGE years ways of solving it in systematic
way.
Significantly, he/she can deal
with abstract situations and
generate ideas about it through
logical thinking . For instance,
adolescent is now able to
imagine Philippines will turn out
if it was not conquered by
Spaniards. Moreover he/she can
elaborate ideas.
 “ If you want to be creative,
Stay in part a child, with
The creation and invention
that characterizes children before
they are deformed by adult
society”

 Jean Piaget
 STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’s MORAL DEVELOPMENT
Lawrence Kohlberg (1927- 1987) studied how children
understand what is right and wrong a, and how they develop a
sense of morality. But what is morality ? Weiten defines is as
the “ ability to distinguish right from wrong and to behave
accordingly. Kohlberg recognized the role of cognitive ability
in developing moral reasoning of children.
 STAGES OF MORAL REASONING
LEVEL STAGES ORIENTATION
PRECONVENTIONAL Stage 1 : Punishment/ Deciding what is right or
LEVEL Obedience Orientation. wrong is based on what
action is punished. The
There is recognition of child obeys to avoid
authority who gives punishment.
punishment and reward. Stage 2 : Mutual benefit Deciding what is right and
“ Reward Orientation” wrong is based on what is
rewarded.
CONVENTIONAL LEVEL Stage 3: Social Approval Deciding what is right or
“Good Boy- Good Girl wrong is based on what
There is understanding that orientation others approve or
there are rules to follow to disapprove of.
be accepted and to Stage 4: Law and Order Deciding what is right or
maintain order. “Authority Orientation” wrong is based on the rules
that should be followed.
 STAGES OF MORAL REASONING
LEVEL
POSTCONVENTIONAL
LEVEL
There is flexibility in
accepting the rules. An
individual may not
necessarily accept or follow
the given rules as he / she
develops his/her own
personal code ethics.
STAGES ORIENTATION
Stage 5: “Social Contract Deciding what is right or
Orientation wrong is based on laws;
however one recognizes
that they can change. An
individual acts based on
what will be good for the
majority.
Stage 6: Universal Ethical Deciding what is right and
Principle wrong is based on
universal principles. One
look into one’s
conscience, pursues
justice and seek equality
at all cost.
“Morality is the ability to see
An issue from point of view
Of others than just
Your own”

 Lawrence Kohlberg