E-GOVERNMENT,

E-LEARNING & E-AUCTIONS

1. E-Government
■ E-government: the use of IT and e-commerce to provide access to government
information and delivery of public services to citizens and business partners
– Efficient and effective method of conducting business transactions
– Opportunity to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the functions of
government
– Make government more transparent to citizens

■ Categories of E-Government
• Government-to-Citizens (G2C)
• Government-to-Business (G2B)
o E-Procurement
o E-Auctions
• Government-to-Government (G2G)
• Government-to-Employees (G2E)
1.1 Categories of E-Government
a. Government-to-Citizens (G2C)

E-government category that includes all the interactions between a

government and its citizens.
– Ex. www.ecitizen.gov.sg

■ Citizens can:
– Find all the information they need on the Web
– Ask questions and receive answers
– Pay tax and bills
– Receive payments and documents
– Electronic benefits transfer (EBT) is an example of G2C
applications
b. Government-to-Business (G2B)

■ Governments seek to automate their interactions with businesses.

Although we call this category government-to-business (G2B)
■ The relationship works in two ways: government-to-business and
business-to-government. Thus, G2B refers to activities where the
government sells products to businesses or provides businesses with
services and vice versa.
■ Two key G2B activities are e-procurement and the auctioning of
government surpluses. For other US G2B initiatives for businesses
and nonprofits,
Example : usa.gov/Business/Business-Gateway.shtml.
■ Government-to-Business (G2B) areas:
– E-procurement
■ Large amounts of MROs and materials direct from many
suppliers
■ Uses basically a reverse auction system
■ Example: http://info.gov.hk
– E-auctions
■ Auction surpluses from vehicles to real estate
■ May use 3rd-party site
■ Example: www.ebay.com, www.bid4assets.com,
www.freemarkets.com
c. Government-to-Government (G2G)
■ The government-to-government (G2G) category consists of EC
activities between different units of governments, including those
within one governmental body.
■ Many of these are aimed at improving the effectiveness and the
efficiency of government operations. Here are G2G examples from the
United States:
Example : Intelink. Intelink (intelink.gov) is an intranet that contains
classified information that is shared by the numerous US intelligence
agencies. It is a US government computer system that is provided
only for authorized US government use.
d. Government-to-Employees (G2E)
■ Government-to-employees (G2E) applications refer to e-commerce
activities between the government and its employees. Such activities
may be especially useful in enabling efficient e-training of new
employees, e-learning for upgrading skills, and communication and
collaboration activities.

Other typical services are e-payroll, e-human resource management,

and e-recruiting.
1.2 Implementing of E-Government
-- Transformation Process
■ Six stages in the transformation to e-government (A study from Deloitte and Touche)
1. Information publishing/dissemination
– Individual government departments set up their own Web sites that
provide:
■ Information about them
■ Range of services available
■ Contacts for further assistance

2. “Official” two-way transactions

– Using legally valid digital signatures and secure Web sites, customers:
■ Submit personal information
■ Conduct monetary transactions
– Customers must be convinced that:
■ System keeps their information private
■ System is free of piracy
3. Multipurpose portals
■ Customer-centric governments enhance service delivery
■ Customer needs can cut across department boundaries, portal allows
customers to use single point-of-entry to:
– Send and receive information
– Process monetary transactions across multiple departments
4. Portal personalization
■ Customers can access a variety of services at a single Web site
– Customers can customize portals with their desired features
– Requires sophisticated Web programming allowing interfaces
– Added benefit is that governments get a more accurate read on
customer preference
■ Electronic services
■ Non-electronic services
5. Clustering of common services
■ All real transformation of government structure takes shape here
■ Customers see a unified package instead of once-disparate services
■ Distinction between departments begins to blur
■ Recognize groups of transactions instead of groups of agencies

6. Full integration and enterprise transformation

■ Digital encyclopedia is now:
– Full-service center
– Personalized to each customer’s needs and preferences
■ Old walls defining services are torn down
■ Technology integrated across new government structure bridging gap
between front and back offices
1.3 The Stages of E-Government
1.4 Implementing Issues
■ Transformation—change is very slow
■ Implementing G2B
– Build customer trust by increasing:
■ Privacy
■ Security
■ Confidentiality
– Plan technology for growth and customer friendliness
– Manage access channels to optimize value
– Weigh in-sourcing vs. outsourcing
– Include strong change management program
■ Security issues—concerns include:
– Data about citizens stays secure
– Privacy of individuals is maintained
■ Non-Internet e-government
– Emergency situations like the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)
paperless help for California earthquake victims
– Auctions conducted over private, secured lines
Online Publishing

■ The electronic delivery of newspapers, magazines, news, music,

videos, and other digitizable information over the Internet
■ Mainly used for disseminating information and for conducting
sales transactions interactively
■ Includes customized material that the reader will receive free,
or for a fee
■ Publishing Modes ■ Publishing Methods
– Newspapers – Online archive
– Magazines – New medium
– News – Publishing intermediation
– Textbooks – Dynamic or just-in-time
– Music
– Artwork
– Video clips
– Movies
■ Content providers and distributors
– Challenges moving into areas with less-developed infrastructures
– Issues of intellectual property is a consideration
■ Akamai.com
■ Digisle.com
■ Edgix.com
– Digimarc.com provides a tool for linking print publications with the Web
■ Publishing music, videos, and games
– Major issue is payment of intellectual property fees
– Peer-to-peer (P2P) model—people swap files
– 3rd-party organizer are in violation of copyright laws (Napster)
■ Edutainment—combination of education and entertainment, often through games
– Goal: encourage students to become active learners
– Managerial issues
■ Educational games delivered as CD-ROMs
■ Distance-learning format