CONCRETE

PAVEMENT
PORTLAND
CEMENT
 Portland cement
Calcareous Materials Argillaceous Materials

Limestone Marl Clay Shale

Types of Portland cement
specified by AASHTO
1. Type I or IA. This type of
cement is for general concrete
construction when the specified
properties of the other four types
are not required.
2. Type II or IIA. This type is for
general concrete construction
exposed to moderate action or
where moderate heat of
hydration is required.
3. Type III or IIIA. This type is for
high strength concrete.
4. Type IV is for low heat of
hydration.
5. Type V for high sulfate
resistance.
Chemicals in Portland
Cement
1. Tricalcium Silicate (𝑪𝟑 𝑺)
2. Dicalcium Silicate (𝑪𝟐 𝑺)
3. Tricalcium Aluminate (𝑪𝟑 𝑨)
4. Tetracalcium Alumina Ferrite
(𝑪𝟒 𝑨𝑭)
 COMPOSITION AND STRENGTH
CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF
PORTLAND CEMENT
Compound Strength
Normal Portland
Types of Cement Compound Percent
Cement Concrete
Percent
1 7 28 3
𝑪𝟑 𝑺 𝑪𝟐 𝑺 𝑪𝟑 𝑨 𝑪𝟒 𝑨𝑭 day days days months
I – Normal 50 24 11 8 100 100 100 100
II – Modified 42 33 5 13 75 85 90 100
III – High Early 60 13 9 8 190 120 110 100
IV – Low Heat 26 50 5 12 55 55 75 100
V – Sulfate Resistant 40 40 4 9 65 75 75 100
 CONCRETE
PAVEMENT
CHARACTERISTICS
AND BEHAVIOR
Impact Loads
High Temperature

Low Temperature
Definition of Terms
Deterioration. Deterioration of
concrete pavement is due to
stress brought about by load,
moisture and temperature.
Distress of Concrete is generally
grouped into the following
categories:
a) Distortion
b) Cracking
c) Disintegration
a) Distortion is a vertical
displacement of concrete slab
at the joints or cracks.
Distortion is due to failure or
weakness of concrete joints.
b) Cracking can take many forms
in concrete pavement that
could be the result from;
applied load, temperature or
moisture changes.
Most common type of cracks
a. Corner cracks associated with
excessive corner deflection.
b. Transverse cracks associated with
mixture or temperature stresses,
or poor construction methods.
Corner cracks
Transverse cracks
c) Disintegration appears in the
form of durability cracking,
scaling or spalling, as the
result of mix design or
construction related problems
like:
a.Durability Cracking. Results
from freeze-thaw action.
b. Scaling. A network of shallow fine
hairline cracks which extend through
the upper surface of the concrete. This
is the result from deicing salts,
improper construction, free-thaw cycle,
or steel reinforcement too closed to the
surface.
c. Spalling is the breaking or
chipping of the joint edges. It is
the result from excessive stresses
at joint, weak concrete, poorly
designed or constructed joints.
Changes in Temperature and
Moisture Content create slab
curing, flexure stresses and
overall lengthening and
shortening of the slabs.
CONTROL OF
CRACKS
TRANSVERSE
EXPANSION
JOINTS
Expansion Joints provide space
allowance for the lengthening of slab due
to expansion. Because of the so many
buckling upward of concrete pavement,
Engineers have come up with a
conclusion that these blowups serves as
conclusive evidence that expansion joint
is necessary.
LONGITUDINAL
JOINTS
Longitudinal joints are provided between
adjacent traffic lanes. It is considered as
hinges to provide edge support, but
allows rotation between the slabs.
CONSTRUCTION
JOINT
If concrete pouring will be interrupted for
quite some time that cold joint will be
inevitable, the practice is to provide a
transverse construction joints. Deformed
tie bars are used to hold the joint tightly
closed together. However, if the
construction joint replaces a contraction
joint, the use of dowels is the alternative.
REINFORCEMENT
OF JOINTS
 Steel reinforcement for concrete
pavement joints are specified in the design to
prevent the widening of cracks produced by
shrinkage or thermal contraction.
The reinforcing steel bars are mounted in
one layer along the mid-depth of the slab. The
formula used in designing this reinforcement
for concrete slab joint is:
 where:
As=Area of steel cross section per foot of
slab.
L=Length of slab between joints in feet.
f=Coefficient of friction between the slab
𝐿𝑓𝑊 and the sub-grade called the coefficient of

𝐴𝑠 = sub-grade resistance ranging from 1 to 2

with 1.5 recommended by AASHTO Interim
2𝑆 Guide.
S=Working stress in the reinforcing steel in
pounds per sq. in. AASHTO Interim Guide
suggested working stress from 30,000 to
45,000 psi depending upon the type and
grade of steel.
THE SUB-GRADE
and SUB-BASE for
CONCRETE
PAVEMENT
The AASHTO Interim Guides, recommend that
the sub-base must be extended from 30 to 60
cm outside the pavement edge to serve as an
edge support. For the heaviest travelled
facilities, a treated cement asphalt sub-base is
recommended because it increases the fatigue
life and reduces joint failure.
 CONCRETE
PROPORTIONS
The fundamental rule to obtain good concrete
is the proper selection of cement aggregate
and water thus:
1. Type I or II cement is specified for concrete pavement.
2. Water for concrete must be clean, free from acids,
alkali and oil.
3. If concrete is to be strong, sound and durable, the
aggregate must have similar properties.
4. The mineral aggregate of concrete is about 75% of the
volume or about 80% of the weight of normal
pavement.
5. The maximum size of coarse aggregate is 2 inches.
Admixture
Admixture is a substance added in mixing
to change the characteristics of concrete mixture.
Air Entrainment
Air entrainment is the entrapment of air in
the concrete mixture in the form of evenly
distributed small bubbles.
Cement and Water Ratio AASHTO Guide
Cement Water Compressive Specifications for
(per (galloon Strength for highway construction
bag) s) 28 days
(psi) Cement Max. Conditions
(per Water
1 5 5, 300 bag) (galloon
1 7 3, 700 s)
Durability therefore, is 1 6 Normal
dependent on the water-cement
1 5 1/2 Severe
ratio that should be properly
controlled to obtain richness of
the paste
CONCRETE
MIXTURE
Concrete mixture is determined
by the trial batch method, until
after the desired mixture is
obtained as final proportion for
the succeeding mixture.
The Slump Test
(AASHTO T-119) is the
old traditional and
most widely used
method in determining
the consistency of
concrete.
Kelly Ball Method (ASTM C- 360) is a metal
cylinder 15 cm diameter and 12 cm high with
hemisphere bottom shaped weighing 14 kg. A
graduated cylinder rising from the top of ball
passes through a metal frame that is 30 cm
apart. The ball is placed on the surface of the
fresh concrete. Its penetration is measured by
comparing its position with that of the frame.
 POLYMER
CONCRETE
Classifications of Polymer mixture
1. Polymer-Impregnated Concrete (PIC) is
a portland cement concrete
impregnated with monomer after
curing.
 Classifications of Polymer mixture
2. Polymer Concrete (PC) is a mixture of
polymer binder and aggregate.
Classifications of Polymer mixture
3. Polymer Cement Concrete (PCC) is a
pre-mixture of cement paste and
aggregate wherein a monomer is
mixed before curing.