Learning Objectives 8

Refrigerated cargo
 be able to appreciate & identify different categories of refrigerated
cargoes
 be familiar with different types of cooling system used on board a
refrigerated cargo vessel
 know the precautions to be observed while loading, discharging and
handling refrigerated cargoes
 be familiar with different types of reefer containers
 be familiar with different types surveys a refrigerated cargo vessel is
subjected to
 http://www-
personal.engin.umich.edu/~parsons/470web/homework/SDC,%20Ch.
%2028%20Reefer%20Ships.pdf

KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 1

 Introduction

REFRIGERATED CARGOES

TEMPERATURE
FROZEN CHILLED
REGULATED

MEATS MEATS APPLES/PEARS

-9 TO -12 (BEEF) +2 TO -1
FROZEN VEGE -1 TO -2 ORANGES
-18 +4
DAIRY PRODUCTS FRUITS LEMON
-10 TO -18 GRAPEFRUIT
FISH +10
DAIRY PRODUCTS BANANAS
-18 TO -29
+12
KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 2
 Refrigerated Cargoes

REFRIGERATED CARGOES

TEMPERATURE
FROZEN CHILLED
REGULATED

Without fear of decay Chilled BEEF hung Fruits need precise temp
or growth of bacteria from meat rails regulated as natural
****** ****** ripening process
leads to loss in taste, temp controlled, add retarded
colour & texture 10% CO2 to extend ************
****** condition to 60 days CO2 given out by
hard frozen usually CO2 destroy taste & most fruits increase
meat colour of meat ripening-flavour-decay
Temp/air changes essential
KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 3
 Types of Refrigerated Systems
COLD BRINE DIRECT
GRID COOLING SYSTEM

KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 4

 COLD BRINE DIRECT
GRID COOLING SYSTEM
 Indirect refrigeration system- frozen and chilled cargoes
 cold brine (calcium chloride in FW) is cooled down by
direct expansion of the refrigerant,
 by pumping through space to be cooled where brine
absorbs its sensible heat
 Evaporator - heat energy from air surrounding
evaporator convert brine into gas (low pressure)
 Compressor - drawn to compressor the heat laden gas is
raised from low to higher pressure, raising the temp.
 Condenser - drawn into condenser to remove heat from
vapour by natural air circulation causing it to liquefy
 Expansion valve (Regulator)-control the flow of
brine(liquid state) into the evaporator at a rate for a
desired temp.
KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 5
 AIR COOLED BATTERY SYSTEM

This system has similar refrigeration plant and a battery room with a
grid of brine pipes. Cooled air is extracted from the battery room and
blown into the cargo compartment through ducts. This cools the
cargo and the return air is recirculated to the battery room. This
system is more suitable for temperature regulated cargoes.

KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 6

 REFRIGERATED CARGOES-
PREPARATION OF HOLDS

 All compartments thoroughly cleaned, dry and free from

any odour and taint.
 Insulation inspected and any deficiencies made good.
 Hatch plugs, ceiling, clearings and ventilator plugs
should he inspected to ensure air tightness.
 Scuppers should be "brine sealed".
 Bilges should be cleaned , dried and sweetened.
 Cleanliness is essential:
 All traces of bacteria and mould removed by washing
down with solution of carbolocene or formalene.
 For fruit a sodium compound is sometimes used.
 Some operators use a mild fumigant to destroy mould.
KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 7
 REFRIGERATED CARGOES-
PREPARATION OF HOLDS-continue..

 Floor battens should be laid in line with the air flow and
spaced according to the size of the cargo.
 Wooden dunnage should be free from taint and bark.
 For frozen goods, it is important that the dunnage is well
cooled before cargo is stowed on it.
 Cargo should not come in contact with brine pipes.
 After the compartments has been cleaned and pre-cooled,
the compartments must be inspected by an approved
surveyor and a loading certificate issued before any
cargo is loaded.

KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 8

 REFRIGERATED CARGOES- HANDLING
PRECAUTIONS DURING LOADING &
UNDLOADING

 Remove any snow forming on brine pipes

 prevent cold air from escaping within compartments
 compartments are opened during ldg/disch, STOP the
cooling machinery to prevent frost from forming, as this
may act as insulation and interfere with efficient cooling
 ensure proper circulation of air in all parts of hold
 Hatches and insulated doors should be firmly closed and
secured during breaks in cargo operations.
 Refrigerating plant to be kept running during long breaks
eg. stoppage of work during night hours.

KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 9

 REFRIGERATED CARGOES- HANDLING
PRECAUTIONS DURING LOADING &
UNDLOADING (continue…)

 Ensure frozen cargo is hard frozen, no soft spots and

have any sign of mould.
 Fruits should he inspected by picking samples at random
 Clean working safety shoes should be used working
 Do not allow cargo to be dragged, pushed or thrown
about.
 Use proper type of cargo slings for the type of cargo
being loaded/discharge eg. canvas nets for frozen meat
and trays for crates of cheese, butter, eggs and fruits.

KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 10

 SURVEYS

LLOYD RULES

RUNNING SURVEY
INTERVALS OF 12 MONTHS

SPECIAL SURVEY
EVERY 4 YEARS

LOADING PORT SURVEY

DONE AT LOADING PORT PRIOR LOADING

KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 11

 RUNNING SURVEY

 Examine chambers throughout

 Check compartment for air-tightness
 Examine coverings on decks, tank top &
tunnel
 Examine air ducting, grids & meat rails for
damage
 Bilges to be cleaned, examine suction pipes,
roses, pipes
 Test brine pipes to 1.5 times of wkg pressure
or 40 psi >

KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 12

 LOADING PORT SURVEY

 Examine chambers when empty

 Inspect brine pipes for leakage
 Check condition of cargo battens, gratings &
dunnage
 Inspect condition of insulated lining of
chambers
 Inspect scuppers & Bilge suction
 Check refrigerating installation under wkg
condition & note temperature

KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 13

 REFRIGERATED CARGO
IN CONTAINERS

Commonly used,

 Has it’s own refrigerating plant and pump so

that cold air is circulated inside the container.
When this type of container is loaded, it is
plugged into the ship's electrical supply and
thereafter it automatically controls the
temperature inside the container.

KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 14

 REFRIGERATED CARGO
IN CONTAINERS - Self contained

KNR/01-2003 SP-SMA Slide 15