I.

Installation and Workmanship

Methods and techniques of pipe laying and
installation, joints and connections, pipe
hangers and supports, storage and protection
from damages, inspection and acceptance of
workmanship.
COMMON METHODS OF JOINTING PIPES
1. Caulking
2. Threading
3. Flanging
4. Soldering
5. Welding
BLANK FLANGE - not drilled for bolt holes
BLIND FLANGE - closes the end of a pipe
BRAZED JOINT - melt at higher than 449°C
CALKING - plugging an opening with oakum, lead
OAKUM – hemp soaked in oil/tar to make it waterproof
SHIELDED COUPLING - elastromeric sealing gasket
SLIP JOINT - compression nut, a friction ring, compression
washer, fit a threaded adapter fitting or a standard taper pipe
thread
SOLDERED JOINT - melt at below 427°C/above 149°C
WELDED JOINT OR SEAM - plastic molten state
 Installation
 Trench bottom preparation: The trench load design is based upon the stability
of the bedding and the foundation. It is important that the trench bottom
remain stable during backfilling. The trench should not be excavated in
advance of pipe laying, and should be backfilled as soon as possible.
Pipe laying: Pipes are not be lowered into a trench by a rope as shown without
touching the trench wall. The pipe should be laid on the leveled bedding. To
provide full longitudinal support of the barrel of the pipe, a hole or bell is made
for the socket of the pipe in the bedding as shown below
Pipe Jointing Method
The paint mark: The paint mark (on the pipes) shall be
shown at the crown of the pipeline. This guarantees a
perfect flow line.
 Pipe Bedding
 Trench Bedding
 The term "bedding" is used to mean the complete arc material (granular or concrete) that supports the pipe within the trench against the
total external load on the pipeline. The type of bedding, depend on pipe size, type of sub-soil, the load on the surface of the trench, the cover
depth and trench width.
Bedding Factor
 The load required to produce failure of a pipe in the ground is higher than the load required to produce failure in a crushing test machine.
The ratio of the failure load for the pipe installed in the ground to the failure load in the crushing test machine is known as the Bedding
Factor. The Bedding Factor varies with the support angle of granular material under the pipe. The Bedding Factors for Class D, N, F, B, S and
A beddings are 1.1, 1.1, 1.9, 2.5 and 2.6 respectively.
Class N & D bedding
 For Class N bedding these materials may be used:-
All-in aggregate
All-in aggregate can be of 20 mm diameter for all pipe sizes. Where available, 10 mm nominal size may be used for 100 & 150 mm pipes.
Sand
Sand may be coarse, medium or fine.
As dug material
As dug material is suitable where it has a compaction fraction of up to 0.3 and does not exceed 20 mm or 40 mm for 600 mm or larger
diameter pipes.
Classes F, B and S beddings
 Single size granular material
Single size granular material of Nominal single sizes of 10 mm, 14 mm or 20 mm may be used for pipe sizes from 100 mm to 500 mm diameter
and 14 mm, 20 mm or 40 mm may be used for pipe sizes larger than 500 mm diameter.
Graded Granular Material

Graded granular material of 14 to 5 mm or 20 to 5 mm may

be used for all pipe sizes and in addition 40 to 5 mm may be
used for pipes of larger than 500 mm diameter.
Class D – Trimmed trench bottom.
Bedding Factor 1.1
Class N – Granular or “as-dug” material.
Bedding Factor 1.1
Graded Granular Material

Class F – Granular material

Bedding Factor 1.9

Class B – Granular material

Bedding Factor 2.5
Graded Granular Material

Class F – Granular material.

Bedding Factor 1.9
Class B – Granular material.
Bedding Factor 2.5
Class S – Granular material
Bedding Factor 2.5
Graded Granular Material

Unreinforced concrete bed

Bedding Factor 2.6
Unreinforced concrete surround
Bedding Factor 2.6
Graded Granular Material

Reinforced concrete bed

Bedding factor 3.4 (0.4 % Steel)
Reinforced concrete surround
Bedding factor 4.8 (2X 1.0 % steel)
Key Information about the figures
Vitrified clay pipe

Graded or all-in aggregate or compacted

sand or suitable as-dug material
Fill selected from excavated material and
lightly compacted by hand
Concrete with 28 day cube strength

Single size or graded granular material

Undisturbed natural soil

Notes:
 Precautions are necessary for pipes laid in water
bearing soils to prevent the fine sand and silt being
carried by water into the granular material.
 The thickness of bottom bedding (a) = min. Of 100mm
or 1/6 Bc whichever is greater under the pipe barrel
and 50mm minimum under the socket but in rock
min. 200mm or 1/4Bc which is greater under pipes
barrel and 150mm minimum under the socket.
 The minimum depths of cover are 1.2m under roads
and 0.6m in fields and gardens. Where pipes must be
laid at depths less than this, precautions must be must
be taken to reduce the risk of damage.
Caulking
 Cold Jointing Method for Cast Iron
Soil Pipes
As an alternative method of jointing,
without the use of a naked flame (as in
traditional caulked lead method), we
can provide the following cold jointing
products.
Caulking Cord; black sealant

Centrally align the pipe spigot within the

socket and wet the cord
Caulk this into the socket, up to 30mm
from the top. This will centralise the
and provide a backing for the
top 30mm of the joint.
Fill the top 30mm with CT1Black
Sealant, applied with a skeleton gun.
When filled smooth off level with the
top of the socket, to provide a sealed
joint and neat appearance. No further
painting will be required if the pipes are
black.
Connection Type
Fittings are attached to pipes via a number of different
connection methods, each with its own conveniences
and advantages.
Compression Fittings
connect pipes using compression on a gasket, ring, or ferrule; compression is
typically made by tightening a nut onto the fitting over the piping and
ferrule, compressing, and securing the piping inside
Standard compression fittings do not require tools to assemble, making
them convenient for quick, simple installation
cannot withstand very high pressures and do not have as much flexibility as
soldered fittings, making them less functional in systems with vibration,
thermal cycling, and other dynamic forces
limited number of materials (most commonly brass) and are best suited for
metal on metal connections.
Bite-type fittings:
compressive fittings with
a sharpened ferrule that
"bites" the pipe when
compressed and provides
the seal. Bite-type fittings,
like standard compressive
fittings, require no special
tools to assemble, but
provide a stronger, higher
pressure connection.
Mechanical grip
fittings are two-ferrule
assemblies. The back
ferrule grips the piping
while pressing up against
the front ferrule, which
spring-loads the front
ferrule and creates a seal
between the piping and
fitting body. These
fittings can be
reassembled multiple
times without damaging
components or piping.
They have good
resistance to mechanical
vibration.
Flare fittings consist of a
body with a flared or coned
end. Special flaring tools are
used to install the pipe inside
the flared end, providing a
deep seal. Flare fittings can
handle higher pressures and
a wider range of operating
parameters than standard
compression fittings.
End Fittings
End fittings provide specific
surfaces for connecting pipes.
 Clamp ends are fittings
which allow pipes to be
clamped to the connection.
 Plain ends are fittings which
allow pipes to be connected
by adhesive, solder, welding,
or other means.
Flange Fittings
Flange fittings are rims,
edges, ribs, or collars with
flush surfaces
perpendicular to the
attached pipe. These
surfaces are joined and
sealed via clamps, bolts,
welding, brazing, and/or
threading.
Threaded Fittings
 Threaded fittings have screw threads
(built-in grooves) on their inner
(female) or outer (male)
surfaces designed to accept piping with
matching threads. Threads which
provide a simple connection but no
seal are called straight threads. Tapered
threads are designed to provide a tight
seal for gases or fluids under pressure.
Seal reliability can be improved by
adding a coating or seal tape (Teflon).
Especially precise threads are called
"dry fit", meaning they seal without the
need for an additional sealant, which is
important in applications where
sealant addition could cause
contamination or corrosion.
Shielded Coupling, Slip Joint, Brazed Joint
 Applying the solder. Let the flux be your guide: When it
bubbles out and begins to steam, the melting temperature of
solder has been reached. Touch the solder to the pipe. If it
melts on contact, you can be sure it’s sufficiently hot.
 Remove the flame from the fitting before you apply the solder
(it’s the heat of the fitting that melts the solder, not the flame
of the torch). If possible, apply the solder from above so that
the combination of gravity and capillary action can draw the
solder into the joint. You may need to apply the solder to
several points around the joint.
 Brazing is a technique rapidly taking the place of many
operations formerly performed by soldering because it is
simpler and quicker and results in a stronger joint for plumbing
and hvac systems. Like soldering, the brazing alloy is applied at
temperatures below the melting point of the metal being
brazed. Both brazing and soldering differ from welding which
forms a joint by melting or fusing the metal at temperatures
above its melting point.
Fusion Welding
Supports
1. concealed in building
partitions
2. 2” x 4” studs in wood
construction
3. long runs of exposed
horizontal waste pipes –
suspended from band iron/ring
hangers
ARTICLE XIV - HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
P-1. - Vertical Piping
A. Attachment. - Vertical piping…secured at …close
intervals to keep…pipe in alignment and carry…weight of …pipe and
contents. Stacks…supported at their bases,…if over two stories
in height at each floor, by…metal floors clamps.
B. Screwed Pipe. - Screwed pipe (IPS)…supported at not less than
every other story height.
C. Copper Tubing. - Copper tubing…supported at each story for
piping 3.81 cms. (1-1/2 inches)…larger in diameter…not more than
1.82888 meters (6 feet) intervals for piping 3.175 cms. (1-1/4 inches)
and
smaller in diameter.
D. Lead Pipe. - …supported at intervals not exceeding 1.292 meters
(4’)
E. Plastic Pipe . - Plastic pipe…maintained in…straight alignment.
ARTICLE XIV - HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
P-2. - Horizontal Piping
A. Supports. - Horizontal piping…supported at…close intervals…in
alignment and prevent sagging.
B. Cast Iron Soil Pipe. - Where joints occur, suspended
CISP…supported
at…1.524 meters (5 feet) intervals;…pipe exceeding 1.524 meters (5
feet) in length,…supported at …3.0488 meters (10 feet) intervals.
Supports shall…maintain alignment and prevent sagging…placed
within 45.72 cms. (18 inches) of the hub joint. Hubless or compression
gasket joints supported…at every other joint except that when the
developed length between supports exceeds 1.2192 meters (4’)…at
each joint.
ARTICLE XIV - HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
P-2. - Horizontal Piping
C. Screwed Pipe.- Screwed pipe (IPS)…supported at
approximately 3.0488 meter (10 feet) intervals.
D. Copper tubing.- Copper tubing…supported at approximately
1.8288 meters (6 feet) intervals for piping on 388.1 mm. (1-1/2
inches) and smaller in diameter and 3.048 meters (10 feet)
intervals for piping 50.8 mms. (2 inches) and larger in diameter.
E. Lead Pipe. - Lead pipe shall be supported by strips
F. In Ground. - Piping in the ground shall be laid on a firm bed
for its entire length…
G. Plastic Pipe.- Plastic pipe…supported…not to exceed 1.292
meters (4’)