Lesson 7

•MEDIA
GLOBALIZATION
Globalization - entails the spread of various cultures.
- through the spread of ideas.
Psy - South Korean rapper (Gangnam Syle)
LGBT - Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender
-People who travel the globe teaching and preaching
play a major role in the spread of culture and ideas.
-Today, television programs, social media groups,
books, movies magazines have made it easier for
advocates to reach larger audiences.
Globalization- relies on medi as its main conduit for
the spread of global culture ad ideas.
-There is an intimate relaionship between globalization and
media which must be unraveled to further understand the
contemporary world.
Jack Lule- describe media as '' a means of conveying
something such as a channel of communiation.
-Technically speaking, a persons voice is a meduim.
Comentators - refer ''media'' [the plural on meduim] they mean
the technologies of mass communication like:
Print Media - includes books, magazines, and newspaper.
Broadcast Media - invole radio, film, and television.
Digital Media - cover the internet and mobile mass
ommunication.
-Within category of internet media, the email internet sites,
social media, and internet based video and audio.
Marshall McLuhan - Media theorist delared that “ the
meduim is the message”, not mean that ideas
(“messages”) are useless and do not affect people,
rather his statement was an attempt to draw attention on
how media, as form of technology reshape society.
- added that different media
simultaneously extend and amputate human senses.
- the questions of what new media
enhace and what was not a moral or ethical one.
New Media- are niether inherently good nor bad.
Famous Writer - was merely drawing attention to the
histotically and technologially specefic atributes.
The Global Village and Cultural Imperialism

McLuhan - used his analysis of technology

to examine the input of electronic media.
- he was witing around 1960s,
- mainly analyzed the social
changes bought by television
- declared that television was
turning the world into “global village”.
Media scholars - in the year after McLuhan,
further grappled with the challenges of
global media culture.
- A lot of this early thinkers assumed that
global media had tendency to homogenize
culture.
Critiques of Cultural Imperialism
 Proponents of the idea of cultural imperialism ignored the fact
that media messages are not just made by producers, they are
also consumed by audiences.
 The field of audience studies emphasizes that media
consumers are active participants in the meaning-making
process, who view media “text” through their own cultural
lenses.
 In 1985, Indonesian cultural critic Ien Ang studied the ways in
which different viewers in the Netherlands experienced
watching the American soap opera Dallas.
 In 1990, Elihu Katz and Tamar Liebes decided to push Ang's
analysis further by examining how viewers from distinct cultural
communities interpreted Dallas.
 Apart from the challenge of audience studies, the cultural
imperialism thesis has been belied by the renewed strength of
regional trends in the globalization process.
Social Media and the Creation of
Cyber Ghettoes
 As with all new media, social media have both beneficial
and negative effects.
 Social media also have a dark side. In the early 2000's
commentators began reffering to the emergence of a
“splinternet” and the phenomenon of “cyberbalkanization” to
refer to the various bubbles people place themselves in
when they are online.
 Russian dictator Vladimir Putin has hired armies of social
media “trolls” (paid users who harass political opponents) to
manipulate public opinion through intimidation and the
spreading of fake news.
 As the preceding cases show, fake information can spread
easily on social media since they have few content filters.
 Internet media have made the world so interconnected
that a Russian dictator can.
 As consumers of media, users must remain vigilant and
learn how to distinguish fact from falsehood in a global
media landscape that allows politician to peddle what
President Trump's senior advisers now call “alternative
facts”.
 Lesson
8
The Global City
Why Study Global
Cities?
• The analysis of globalization in the previous
lessons has looked at how ideas of
internationalism shaped modern world
politics.
• This statement mean two things.

• First, globalization is spatial because it occurs in

physical spaces.
• Second, globalization is spatial because what
makes it move is the fact that it is based in places.
Cities act on globalization and
globalization acts on cities.
• In 1950, only 30 percent of the world lived
in urban areas.
• By 2014, that number increased to 54
percent.
• By 2050, it is expected to reach 66
percent.
Defining the Global City
• Sociologist Saskia Sassen popularized
the term “global city” in the 1990s.

Three global cities: New york, London and

Tokyo.

All of which are hubs of global finance and

capitalism.
• New York has the New York
Stock Exchange (NYSE).
• London has the Financial Times
Stock Exchange (FTSE).
• Tokyo has the Nikkei.
• The value of shares traded in
the NYSE is $19,300 billion,
while that of the shares in the
Philippine Stock Exchange is
only $231.3 billion.
The New York Stock Exchange
represents the highest
concentration of capital in the
world.
• Movie-making mecca Los Angeles can
now rival the Big Apple’s cultural
influence.
• San Francisco must now factor in as
another global city because it is the
home of the most companies.
Facebook, Twitter, and Google.
• The Growth of the Chinese Economy
has turned cities like Shanghai, Beijing,
and Guangzhou into centers of trade
and finance.
• The Chinese government reopened the
Shanghai Stock Exchange in late 1990,
and since then, it has grown to become
the fifth largest stock market in the
world.
In what ways are cities global and to what
extent are they global?
Indicators for Globality

• What is globality?
• The quality of being global; universality, totality; specifically the
quality of having worldwide inclusiveness,(the quality of covering or dealing
with a range of subjects or areas.), reach, or relevance; (the potential for)

global integration, operation, or influence (especially in

business and financial contexts).
(reference: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/globality)
 Globality
• The term was used in 1998 by author and economist Daniel
Yergin in a Newsweek article that described the end-state of
the globalization process,and in his book, Commanding
Heights: The Battle for the World Economy. Though Yergin was
credited with having coined it, the word is in fact much older.
William Safire traces the etymology of “globality” in his book
No Uncertain Terms[2] and identifies a range of citations as far
back as 1942, when it was used as a synonym for “global.”
Current use of “globality” as it applies to business – as a
description of the current competitive state of world commerce
– was not adopted until recently.
• The book: Globality: Competing with Everyone from
Everywhere for Everything, Hal Sirkin Jim Hemerling Arindam
Bhattacharya June 11, 2008, elaborates on how 'challenger'
businesses from rapidly developing economies abroad are
aggressively and inventively overtaking existing 'incumbent'
nations.
What is Global City?
• A global city, also called world city or sometimes alpha city or
world center, is a city which is a primary node in the global
economic network. The concept comes from geography and
urban studies, and the idea that globalization is created,
facilitated, and enacted in strategic geographic locales
according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the
global system of finance and trade.
• Global city status is considered beneficial and desirable.
Competing groups have developed multiple alternative
methods to classify and rank world cities and to distinguish
them from non-world cities.
GLOBAL CITIES
Sociologist Saskia Sassen
Saskia Sassen (born January 5, 1947) is a Dutch-American
sociologist noted for her analyses of globalization and
international human migration. She is Robert S. Lynd
Professor of Sociology at Columbia University and Centennial
visiting Professor at the London School of Economics. Sassen
coined the term global city.
• She said that economic power largely determines which cities
are global.
What are the multiple attributes of the global city?
1.Economic power.
• New York have the largest stock market often called New
York City (NYC) or simply New York, is the most populous city
in the United States. With an estimated 2017 population of
8,622,698 distributed over a land area of about 302.6 square
miles (784 km2), New York City is also the most densely
populated major city in the United States.
• A global power city, New York City has been described as
the cultural, financial, and media capital of the world, and
exerts a significant impact upon commerce, entertainment,
research, technology, education, politics, tourism, and sports.
New York
• The city's fast pace defines the term New York minute.
• Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is
an important center for international diplomacy.
• New York City is home to the largest transgender population in
the United States, estimated at 25,000 in 2016.
• New York is a global hub of business and commerce. The city
is a major center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade,
transportation, tourism, real estate, new media, traditional
media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance,
theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States.
• New York has the New York Stock Exchange (abbreviated as
NYSE, and nicknamed "The Big Board"), is an American stock
exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New
York City, New York. It is by far the world's largest stock
exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at
US$21.3 trillion as of June 2017.
Tokyo
• Has the most number of corporte headquarters.(613 company
headquarters) and one of the 47 prefectures of Japan and has
been the capital since 1869. The Greater Tokyo Area is the
most populous metropolitan area in the world.
• Tokyo is ranked first in the Global Economic Power Index and
third in the Global Cities Index.The city is considered an alpha+
world city – as listed by the GaWC's 2008 inventory – and in
2014.Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world.
• Tokyo is a major international finance center; it houses the
headquarters of several of the world's largest investment banks
and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's
transportation, publishing, electronics and broadcasting
industries.The Nikkei, formally known as The Nihon Keizai
Shinbun. (Japan Economics Newspaper), is Nikkei, Inc.'s flagship publication and
the world's largest financial newspaper, with a daily circulation exceeding three
million. Nikkei 225, a stock market index for the Tokyo Stock Exchange, has been
calculated by the newspaper since 1950.
Shanghai
• The manufacturing center of the world. Shanghai has the
world's busiest container port,moving over 33 million container
units in 2013.
• Shanghai is one of the four direct-controlled municipalities of
China and the most populous city proper in the world, with a
population of more than 24 million as of 2017. It is a global
financial centre and transport hub, with the world's busiest
container port.
• It has since re-emerged as a hub for international trade and
finance; it is the home of the Shanghai Stock Exchange, one of
the world's largest by market capitalization.
• In the last two decades Shanghai has been one of the fastest
developing cities in the world.
• Shanghai is one of the main industrial centers of China, playing
a key role in China's heavy industries.Shanghai is also home to
the largest free-trade zone in mainland China.
2.Economic oppurtunities
• San Francisco is another global city because it is the home of
the most companies. Facebook, Twitter, and Google.
Google, a multinational
technology company and
subsidiary of Alphabet Inc.,
is headquartered in the Bay
Area city of Mountain View
• San Francisco is home to the region's financial and business
industry, tourism,and is host to numerous conventions.The East
Bay,centered around Oakland,is home to heavy
industry,metalworking,oil,and shipping,while Silicon Valley is a
major pole of economic activity around the technology
industry.Furthermore,the North Bay is a major player in the
country's agriculture and wine industry.In all,the Bay Area is
home to the second highest concentration of Fortune 500
companies,second only to the New York metropolitan area,with
thirty such companies based throughout the region.
London
• London is the capital and most
populous city of England and the
United Kingdom.London has the
Financial Times Stock Exchange
(FTSE).
• London is a leading global city in
the arts, commerce, education,
entertainment, fashion, finance,
healthcare, media, professional
services, research and
development, tourism and
transportation. It is the world's
largest financial centre and has
City hall in London at dawn
the fifth or sixth largest
metropolitan area GDP in the
world.
• London produced in 2015 about £378 billion (€530 billion or
$600 billion), over 22% of UK GDP,while the economy of the
London metropolitan area—the largest in Europe—generates
about 30 per cent of the UK's GDP (or an estimated $669
billion in 2005).
• London is the world's most expensive office market for the last
three years according to world property journal (2015) report.
As of 2015 the residential property in London is worth $2.2
trillion – same value as that of Brazil annual GDP. The city has
the highest property prices of any European city according to
the Office for National Statistics and the European Office of
Statistics. On average the price per square metre in central
London is €24,252 (April 2014). This is higher than the property
prices in other G8 European capital cities; Berlin €3,306, Rome
€6,188 and Paris €11,229.
3.Economic Competitiveness
EIU-Economic Intelligence Unit funtion is to measure economic
competitiveness of a city.The criterias are: market size, purchasing
power of citizens, size of the middle class,and potential for growth.
• Singapore is considered Asia's most competitive city because
of its strong market,efficient and incorruptible government,and
livability.
• Republic of Singapore, is a sovereign city-state and island
country in Southeast Asia.Singapore has a highly developed
market economy, based historically on extended entrepôt trade.
Along with Hong Kong, South Korea, and Taiwan, Singapore is
one of the original Four Asian Tigers, but has surpassed its
peers in terms of GDP per capita.
• The Singaporean economy is known as one of the freest, most
innovative,most competitive, most dynamic and most business-
friendly.
• It also houses the regional offices of many major global corp..
4.Centers of Authority
• Washington D.C is the seat of
American state power. Major
landmarks: the White House, the
Capitol Building(congress),
the Supreme Court, the Lincoln
Memorial, and the Washington
Monument.
• Washington, D.C., formally the
District of Columbia and
commonly referred to as
Washington or D.C., is the capital
of the United States of
America.Washington has a
growing, diversified economy with
an increasing percentage of
professional and business service
jobs. Clockwise from top right: United States
Capitol, Washington Monument, the
• Tourism is Washington's second- White House, Smithsonian Institution
largest industry. Building, Lincoln Memorial and
Washington National Cathedral
Sydney
• Sydney the top ten world cities that are highly integrated into
the global economy. The Global Economic Power Index ranks
Sydney number eleven in the world. The Global Cities Index
recognises it as number fourteen in the world based on global
engagement.
• There were 451,000 businesses based in Sydney in 2011,
including 48% of the top 500 companies in Australia and two-
thirds of the regional headquarters of multinational
corporations. Global companies are attracted to the city in part
because its time zone spans the closing of business in North
America and the opening of business in Europe.

Night view of the Sydney skyline

Melbourne
• Melbourne is the state capital of Victoria and the second-most
populous city in Australia and Oceania. It has a population of
4,725,316 as of 2016, approximately 19% of the national
population, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians.
• Because Melbourne rates highly in education, entertainment,
health care, research and development, tourism and sport, the
EIU (Economist Intelligence Unit) consistently ranks it the
world's most liveable city. Melbourne has a highly diversified
economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing,
research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism.
The Royal
Exhibition
Building in
Melbourne
was the first
building in
Australia to be
listed as a
UNESCO
World
Heritage Site
in 2004.
Canbera
• Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of
403,468,it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth largest
city overall.A resident of Canberra is known as a Canberran.
Although Canberra is the capital and seat of government,many
federal government ministries have secondary seats in state
capital cities,as do the Governor-General and the Prime
Minister.As the seat of the government of Australia,
• Canberra is the site of Parliament House, the official residence
of the Monarch's representative the Governor-General, the
High Court and numerous government departments and
agencies. It is also the location of many social and cultural
institutions of national significance, such as the Australian War
Memorial, Australian National University, Royal Australian Mint,
Australian Institute of Sport, National Gallery, National Museum
and the National Library. The Australian Army's officer corps is
trained at the Royal Military College, Duntroon and the
Australian Defence Force Academy is also located in the
capital.
Canberra, from top left to bottom right–the
city viewed from Mount Ainslie, the Land Axis
featuring Old Parliament House and New
Parliament House, the Australian War
Memorial, the National Carillon, the National
Gallery of Australia and the National Library of
Australia on Lake Burley Griffin
Parliament House, Canberra
Australia
• A wealthy country, Australia has a market economy, a relatively
high GDP per capita, and a relatively low rate of poverty. In
terms of average wealth, Australia ranked second in the world
after Switzerland in 2013.Ranked fifth in the Index of Economic
Freedom (2017),Australia is the world's twelfth largest
economy and has the sixth highest per capita GDP (nominal) at
US$56,291.
• Rich in natural resources, Australia is a major exporter of
agricultural products, particularly wheat and wool, minerals
such as iron-ore and gold, and energy in the forms of liquified
natural gas and coal. Australia's largest export markets are
Japan, China, the US, South Korea, and New Zealand.
Australia is the world's fourth largest exporter of wine, and the
wine industry contributes A$5.5 billion per year to the nation's
economy.
 The headquarters of United Nation is in
5.Centers of Political Interest New York.

The Berlaymont is an office building in Brussels,

Belgium, that houses the headquarters of the
European Commission, which is the executive of Flags of the member states, arranged in
the European Union (EU). alphabetical order
Jacarta
Jacarta is the capital and largest city of Indonesia.An influencial
political city and also the location of the main headquarters of
ASEAN.
Frankfurt
•The European Central Bank,which oversees Euro(European
Union currency)

Mario Draghi, the

current President of
the ECB
6.Centers of higher learning and culture
Boston the location of the world's top
university the Harvard University

Australian National University

Los Angeles
Center of American industry.

Copenhagen the culinary

capitals of the world
Glass elevators in motion at The Westin
Bonaventure

Bradbury Building in Downtown L.A.

The Challenges of Global Cities
• They can be sites of great inequality and poverty as well as
tremendous violence.
• Extremely polluted cities.
• To grow more food in cities.
• Target for terrorist attacks due to their role as symbols of
globalization that many terrorists despise.
The Global City and the Poor Mumbai

Manila

Jakarta Indonesia
Characteristics
• A variety of international financial services,[9] notably in finance,
insurance, real estate, banking, accountancy, and marketing
• Headquarters of several multinational corporations
• The existence of financial headquarters, a stock exchange, and major
financial institutions
• Domination of the trade and economy of a large surrounding area
• Major manufacturing centres with port and container facilities
• Considerable decision-making power on a daily basis and at a global
level
• Centres of new ideas and innovation in business, economics, culture,
and politics
• Centres of media and communications for global networks
• Dominance of the national region with great international significance
• High percentage of residents employed in the services sector and
information sector
• High-quality educational institutions, including renowned universities,
international student attendance,[10] and research facilities
• Multi-functional infrastructure offering some of the best legal, medical,
and entertainment facilities in the country
• High diversity in language, culture, religion, and ideologies.
Global Power City Index
• The Institute for Urban Strategies at The Mori Memorial
Foundation in Tokyo issued a comprehensive study of global
cities in 2016. They are ranked based on six categories:
economy, research & development, cultural interaction,
livability, environment, and accessibility, with 70 individual
indicators among them. The top ten world cities are also
ranked by subjective categories including manager, researcher,
artist, visitor and resident.

• Global Power City top 10: 1. London, 2. New York City, 3.

Tokyo, 4. Paris, 5. Singapore, 6. Seoul, 7. Amsterdam, 8.
Berlin, 9. Hong Kong, 10. Sydney.
GaWC study
• A map showing the distribution of GaWC-ranked world cities
(2010 data)
• Jon Beaverstock, Richard G. Smith and Peter J. Taylor
established the Globalization and World Cities Research
Network (GaWC). A roster of world cities in the GaWC
Research Bulletin 5 is ranked by their connectivity through four
"advanced producer services": accountancy, advertising,
banking/finance, and law. The GaWC inventory identifies three
levels of global cities and several sub-ranks.

• The 2004 rankings added several new indicators while

continuing to rank city economics more heavily than political or
cultural factors. The 2008 roster, similar to the 1998 version, is
sorted into categories of Alpha world cities (with four sub-
categories), Beta world cities (three sub-categories), Gamma
world cities (three sub-categories) and additional cities with
High sufficiency or Sufficiency presence. The cities in the 2016
rankings are:
Alpha level cities:
Alpha ++ cities are cities most integrated with the global
economy:
United Kingdom London
United States New York City
Alpha + cities are highly integrated cities, filling advanced service
needs:
Singapore Singapore
Hong Kong Hong Kong
France Paris
China Beijing
Japan Tokyo
United Arab Emirates Dubai
China Shanghai
Alpha cities (and Alpha −) are cities that link major
economic states and regions to the world economy:
Australia Sydney South Africa Johannesburg
Brazil São Paulo Canada Toronto
Italy Milan South Korea Seoul
United States Chicago Turkey Istanbul
Mexico Mexico City Malaysia Kuala Lumpur
India Mumbai Indonesia Jakarta
Russia Moscow Netherlands Amsterdam
Germany Frankfurt Belgium Brussels
Spain Madrid United States Los Angeles
Poland Warsaw
Alpha − cities:
Republic of Ireland Dublin
Australia Melbourne
United States Washington, D.C.
India New Delhi Luxembourg Luxembourg
Thailand Bangkok Saudi Arabia Riyadh
Switzerland Zürich Chile Santiago
Austria Vienna Spain Barcelona
Taiwan Taipei Israel Tel Aviv
Argentina Buenos Aires Portugal Lisbon
Sweden Stockholm
United States San Francisco
China Guangzhou
Philippines Manila
Colombia Bogotá
United States Miami
 Beta level cities are cities that link moderate economic
regions to the world economy and are classified in three
subsections, Beta + cities, Beta cities, and Beta − cities:
Beta + cities: • Ukraine Kiev
• Czech Republic Prague • Germany Hamburg
• Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City • India Bangalore
• United States Boston • Italy Rome
• Denmark Copenhagen • Norway Oslo
• Germany Düsseldorf • United States
• Greece Athens • Dallas
• Germany Munich • Egypt Cairo
• United States Atlanta • United States
• Romania Bucharest • Houston
• Finland Helsinki • Peru Lima
• Hungary Budapest • Nigeria Lagos
• Venezuela Caracas
• New Zealand Auckland
• South Africa Cape Town
Beta cities:
• Qatar Doha
• Canada Vancouver
• Pakistan Karachi • China Shenzhen
• Cyprus Nicosia • Bulgaria Sofia
• Switzerland Geneva • Australia Perth
• Uruguay Montevideo • Vietnam Hanoi
• Germany Berlin • Lebanon Beirut
• Australia Brisbane
• Canada Montreal • Slovakia Bratislava
• United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi • Bahrain Manama
• Morocco Casablanca
• United States Philadelphia
Beta − cities:
• Mauritius Port Louis
• United States Minneapolis
• India Chennai
• Germany Stuttgart
• Dominican Republic Santo Domingo
• Brazil Rio de Janeiro
• Kuwait Kuwait City
• China Chengdu
• Panama Panama City
• United States Denver
• Pakistan Lahore
• Saudi Arabia Jeddah
• Tunisia Tunis
• Ecuador Quito
• Serbia Belgrade
• United States Seattle
• United Kingdom Manchester
• Guatemala Guatemala City
• France Lyon
• Costa Rica San José
• China Tianjin
• Canada Calgary
• Jordan Amman
• Puerto Rico San Juan
• El Salvador San Salvador
• Belgium Antwerp
• Croatia Zagreb
• India Kolkata
• Estonia Tallinn
• United States St. Louis
• Mexico Monterrey
• India Hyderabad
• United Kingdom Edinburgh
• United States San Diego
• Germany Cologne
• Netherlands Rotterdam
• Bangladesh Dhaka
• Pakistan Islamabad
Gamma level cities are cities that link smaller economic regions into the world
economy, and are sorted into three sections, Gamma + cities, Gamma cities,
and Gamma − cities:
Gamma + cities:
• Ecuador Guayaquil • Sri Lanka Colombo
• United States Cleveland • Portugal Porto
• China Qingdao
• Latvia Riga
• Spain Valencia
• Azerbaijan Baku • United States Detroit
• Australia Adelaide • Oman Muscat
• Lithuania Vilnius • Japan Osaka
• United Kingdom • Slovenia Ljubljana
Birmingham • Uganda Kampala
• Cayman Islands George Town
• United Kingdom
• Nicaragua Managua
Glasgow
• South Africa Durban
• China Nanjing • United States San Jose
• China Hangzhou • Russia Saint Petersburg
Gamma cities:
• United States Phoenix
• Honduras Tegucigalpa
• United States Austin
• India Pune
• Mexico Guadalajara
• China Dalian
• Georgia (country) Tbilisi
• Tanzania Dar es Salaam
• China Chongqing
• Turkey Ankara
• Zambia Lusaka
• India Ahmedabad
• United States Cincinnati
• Paraguay Asunción
• Zimbabwe Harare
• Sweden Gothenburg
• China Xiamen
• Iraq Mosul
• United States Kansas City
• Ghana Accra
• Belarus Minsk
• United States Tampa
• Italy Turin
• Angola Luanda
• Ivory Coast Abidjan
• Albania Tirana
• Switzerland Lausanne
• United Kingdom Leeds
Gamma − cities:
• Taiwan Taichung
• United States Charlotte
• United States Baltimore
• United States Raleigh
• United Kingdom Belfast
• Germany Leipzig
• Colombia Medellín
• China Wuhan
• Cameroon Douala
• Mozambique Maputo
• Republic of Macedonia Skopje
• Botswana Gaborone
• United Kingdom Bristol
• United States Orlando
• Senegal Dakar
• China Suzhou
• Sweden Malmö
• Canada Edmonton
• China Changsha
• France Strasbourg
• Spain Bilbao
• Italy Bologna
• United States Columbus
• New Zealand Wellington
• Germany Nuremberg
• Myanmar Yangon
• China Xi'an
• Poland Kraków
• France Marseille
• Germany Dresden
• China Shenyang
• United States Pittsburgh
CONCLUSION
• Global Cities, as noted in this lesson, are sites
and mediums of Globalization. They are,
therefore, material representations of the
phenomenon. Through them, we see the best of
globalization; they are places that create exciting
fusions of culture and ideas. They are also
places that generate tremendous wealth.
However, they remain sites of great inequality,
where global servants are global entrepreneurs.
The question of how globalization can made
more just is partly a question of how people
make their cities more just.
UNIT 3
•MOVEMENT
AND
SUSTAINABILT
Y
• This final unit will discuss the various
impacts of globalization on human
populations and the environment.

• The major learning outcome of this

unit is to explain the interconnections
among population, migration, and
environmental sustainability.
Lesson 9
•Global
Demograph
y
• When couple are asked why they have
children, their answer s are almost about
their feelings. For most, having a child is
the symbol of Successful Union. It also
ensures that the family will have a
successor generation that will continue its
name. The kinship is preserved, and
family’s story continues.
• Rural communities often welcome an extra
to help in crop cultivation, particularly
during the planting and harvesting
seasons. The poorer districts of urban
centers also tend to have families with
more children because the success of
their “small family business” depends on
how many of their members can be
hawking their wares on the streets. Hence,
the more children, the better it will be for
the farm or the small by-the-street corner
enterprises.
The “perils” of
overpopulation
• According to Thomas Malthus who
warned in his 1798, that population
growth will inevitably exhaust world food
supply by the middle of the 19th century.
• They proposed that countries like the
united states take the lead in the
promotion of global population control in
order to reduce the growth rate to zero.
• The rate of global population increase
• FOREIGN AFFAIRS – an American
policy journal, had already advocated
“CONTRACEPTION AND
STERILIZATION” as the practical
solutions to global economic, social,
and political problems.
• Advocates of population control contend
for universal access to reproductive
technologies (such as condoms, the pill,
abortion, and vasectomy) and, more
IT’s the economy, not the babies!
• Population growth has, infact, spurred
“technological and institutional
innovation” and increased “ the supply
of human ingenuity.”
• “Green Revolution” created high-
yielding varieties of rice and other
cereals and, along with the
development of new methods of
cultivation, increased yiepds globally,
References
Websites
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Globality
Notes
• Yergin, Daniel (1998-05-18). "The Age Of 'Globality'". Newsweek. Archived from the original on March 23, 2009.
Retrieved 2008-07-18.
• Safire, William. (2004). No Uncertain Terms: More Writing from the Popular "On Language" Column in The New York
Times Magazine, Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-7432-5812-6, ISBN 978-0-7432-5812-8.
• Holstein, William J. (2008). "The American Multinational, Unbowed," The New York Times, June 29.
Bibliography
• Agtmael, Antoine van (2007). The Emerging Markets Century: How a New Breed of World-Class Companies Is
Overtaking the World. New York: Free Press: ISBN 978-0-7432-9457-7
• Bishop, Matthew. "A Bigger World: A Special Report on Globalization". The Economist 20 Sept. 2008: 1–14.
• Schäfer, Wolf (2007). "Lean Globality Studies." Globality Studies Journal, no. 7. 28 May 2007.
• Sirkin, Harold L.; Hemerling, James W.; Bhattacharya, Arindam K; with John Butman (2008). GLOBALITY: Competing
with Everyone from Everywhere for Everything. New York: Business Plus: ISBN 0-446-17829-2
• Safire, William (2003). No Uncertain Terms. New York: Simon & Schuster: ISBN 978-0-641-66827-2
• Yergin, Daniel; Stanislaw, Joseph (2002). The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy. New York:
Simon & Schuster: ISBN 978-0-684-83569-3
• Zakaria, Fareed (2008). The Post-American World. New York: W.W. Norton & Company: ISBN 978-
The Feminist Perspective
Feminist
 are people who hate men
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminists_(disambiguation)

Feminism
• This includes seeking to establish
educational and professional
opportunities for women that are equal to
those for men.
Feminism

• is a range of political
movements, ideologies, and social
movements that share a common goal:

-Specifically to define, establish, and

achieve political, economic, personal, and
social equality of sexes.

Taken from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Femini

• Feminist approach the issue of reproductive
rights. They are foremost, against any form of
population control because they are
compulsory by nature, resorting to carrot-
and-stick that actually does not empower
women.
Reproductive rights

The World Health Organization defines

reproductive rights as:
• Reproductive rights rest on the recognition
of the basic right of all couples and
individuals to decide freely and responsibly
the number, spacing and timing of their
children and to have the information and
means to do so, and the right to attain the
highest standard of sexual and reproductive
health. They also include the right of all to
make decisions concerning reproduction
free of discrimination, coercion
and violence.
Women's reproductive rights may include
some or all of the following

• the right to birth control

• freedom from coerced sterilization and
contraception
• the right to access good-
quality reproductive healthcare
• the right to education and access in order
to make free and informed reproductive
choices
• the right to legal and safe abortion
Reproductive rights may also include

• the right to receive education about sexually

transmitted infections and other aspects of
sexuality, and protection from practices such
as female genital mutilation (FGM).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism
• Feminist approach the issue of
reproductive rights. They are foremost,
against any form of population control
because they are compulsory by nature,
resorting to carrot-and-stick that actually
does not empower women.
 Feminist Perspective

• They believe that government assumptions

that poverty and environmental degradation
are caused by overpopulation are wrong
10 Facts Why Women’s Right

1. More than 70% of people living on less

than $1/day are women
2. 80 million children have no access to
school and most of them are girls.
3. Each day 1,400 women die in pregnancy
and childbirth
4. Young women are two to six times more
at risk of HIV infection than the population
as whole
5. One in five women will be a victim of rape
or attempted rape in her lifetime

6. At least one in three will experience

physical, mental or sexual abuse
7. These high rates of violence hinder
women’s access to (education,
employment, involvement in public life,
the liberty to make decisions, sexual and
reproductive rights)
8. Worldwide, on average, only 16% of
elected politicians are women
9. Laws that promote gender equality are
seldom enforced.
10.Over 60 million girls worldwide are child
brides, married before the age of 18.
• But one of the goals of 1994 United Nations
International Conference on Population and
Development suggests recognition of this
issue. Country representatives agreed that
women should receive family planning
counseling on abortion, the dangers of STD,
nature of human sexuality and the main
elements of responsible parenthood.
Feminism

Have campaigned and continue to campaign

for women's rights, including the right to vote,
to hold public office, to work, to earn
fair wages or equal pay, to own property, to
receive education, to enter contracts, to have
equal rights within marriage, and to
have maternity leave. Feminists have also
worked to ensure access to legal abortions
and social integration, and to protect women
and girls from rape, sexual harassment,
and domestic violence.[3] Changes in dress
and acceptable physical activity have often
been part of feminist movements.[4]