Road Const Methods

ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
METHODS
Presented by:
Engr. Joel T. Surot (OIC-Engineer IV, PCD)
Bureau of Construction
INTRODUCTION
Road Definition
Road Classifications
Road Components
Definition
Road - is a structure that link barangays and cities in the country. It

serves as medium in transporting goods and commodities from
one place to another, and as communication link which brings
economic development to a nation.
Classifications of Road
 According to Usage
 According to National Importance
 According to its Surface Course
 According to Traffic Volume
Types of Road According to Usage
1. National Road
a. Primary National Road - is the main highway trunk line
system that is continuous in extent that goes from province
to province and region to region.
b. Secondary National Road - it connects a provincial road or
national road to a public wharf or railway station.
2. Provincial Road - it connects two municipalities or cities within
a province.
3. City Road - it a street within the urban area of the city.
4. Municipal Road - it is a street within the poblacion area of a
municipality.
5. Barangay Road - it is a street located outside the poblacion
area of a municipality or urban area of a city and those outside
industrial, commercial areas or residential subdivisions.
Types of Road According to National Importance
• Major Roads - are frequently used by

traffic and classified as National Roads or
those which are part of the highway
system.
• Minor Roads - are roads which is local in

nature. It serves only the interest of the
locality such as a street. They are less
frequently used by traffic.
What is the difference between a street and a highway?
Highway - it can accommodate greater

traffic volume.
Street - it serves as a service area
connecting to highways.
Types of Road According to Surface Course
 Earth Road
 Gravel Road
 Asphalt Road
 Concrete Road
Earth Road…..
• It is the “simplest form of road”

constructed by shaping and smoothing
the natural soil traversed by the road line.
Gravel Road…..
• Are constructed from natural gravel together
with a sufficient amount of good quality soil to
serve as binder.
• It is sometimes termed as an “all weather road”
and are used to construct Farm to Market Roads
which serves to connect rural and agricultural
areas to market towns.
Asphalt Road……
• It is frequently described as “flexible
pavement”.
• It is composed of hot-mix combination of
asphalt cement, crushed stone, sand fines
and a small amount of air.
PCC Pavement Road……
• It is sometimes termed as “rigid
pavement”.
• It is composed of cement and water which
are mixed with clean sand and graded sizes
of crushed rock or similar material to make
concrete.
Types of Road According to Traffic Volume
 For heavy traffic load

 For medium traffic load
 For light traffic load
Main Road Components
 Sub-grade
 Aggregate Sub-base Course
 Aggregate Base Course
 Surface Course
 Drainage Structures
 Slope Protection/Retaining Structures
 Miscellaneous Works
PCCP/ACP Grouted Riprap
Aggregate Base Course
Aggregate Sub-Base Course
Embankment
Sub grade
Aggregate Sub-base Course
Aggregate Base Course
•
Surface Course
Sub-grade - is the upper layer of natural soil which may be the
undisturbed local materials, or soil excavated elsewhere placed as fill.
• In either case, it is compacted during construction for road stability.
• Aggregate Sub-base and Base Courses - are individual stabilizing
layers of selected material and designed thickness placed on top of
the subgrade to distribute the load transmitted from the surface
course.
• Surface Course - is the uppermost structural component of the
roadway, which provides resistance to wear and shearing stress due
to traffic load.
• It also provides an even skid resistance surface with comfortable
durability and is appropriately crowned to prevent rain water from
penetrating into the sub grade.
• Shoulders - are located beside the carriage way which is the total
width available for passing vehicles, and is used to receive lateral
clearance to protect major structures on the roadside, to secure
safety and comfort of both motorists and pedestrians and for
emergency stopping purposes.
Drainage structures
Slope protection/retaining structures
Miscellaneous structures
• Drainage Structures - are located beneath or alongside the
roadway used in collecting, transporting and disposing of
surface water originating in or near the road right-of-way.
• Types of Drainage - can be lateral drainage such as a U-shaped,
V-shaped lined canal (side ditch) or perforated drain canal.
• It can also be transverse or cross drainage such as a box culvert
or a pipe culvert.
• Slope Protection Structures - are constructed along the side of
the roadway to stabilize the slopes.
• Retaining Walls - are constructed along the side of the roadway
if there are space constrictions.
• Erosion and sediment controls are constructed to prevent
detrimental effects.
PREPARATORY WORK
 Pre-construction Conference /Preliminary

Preparations
 As-Stake Survey
 Temporary Facilities
 Access and Detour Roads (Traffic
Management)
Pre-construction Conference
• Pre-construction conference between the
Contractor’s representative on the project
and the Project Engineer and his staff is
required.
• A discussion of the project, on the
specifications, unusual conditions,
Contractor’s plan and schedule of
operation, and other pertinent items is
helpful to a better job understanding in
the implementation.
• The site for the project field office should
be determined, as well as the sites for
storage of material and equipment.
Preliminary Preparations
Before the start of work, the Project Engineer should make sure
that all of the following items applicable to the project are always
on site:
– Complete contract drawings, including any revisions that have

been done
– Cross-sections
– Blue Book and Standard Specifications
– Right-of-Way plans, Entry Agreements
– Plans for adjustments or relocations of any utilities that may be
affected
– Contract Agreement
– Notice to Proceed
– Material Test Equipment
– Material Test Reports
– Project Logbooks (Construction Logbook and Materials Logbook)
– Surveying Equipment and Surveying Notes
– Pertinent Correspondence
As - Stake Survey
Its Importance :
 Determines the actual position of the road
structure based on the plans.
 Helps in determining what necessary
deviation should be undertaken.
Plans That Govern an Infrastructure Project
Original Plans
As-Stake Plans
As-Built Plans
Temporary Facilities and Equipment
Client's Side :
 Facilities for the Engineer
 Office, Quarters and Laboratory for the
Engineer
 Vehicle for the Engineer
 Assistance to the Engineer
 Progress Photographs
Temporary Facilities and Equipment
Contractor’s Side :
 Office
 Equipment Yard
 Fabrication Area/Shop
 Workmen’s Quarters
 Storage/Warehouse
Contractor’s Equipment Yard
Road Construction are classified into
five (5) parts, namely:
PART I Earthwork
PART II Sub-base and Base Courses
PART III Surface Courses
PART IV Drainage and Slope Protection Structure
PART V Miscellaneous Structures

PART I:
EARTHWORK
EARTHWORK
Item 100 Clearing and Grubbing
Item 101 Removal of Structures and Obstructions
Item 102 Excavation
Item 102(1) Unsuitable Excavation
Item 102(2) Common Excavation
Item 102(3) Rock Excavation
Item 102(4) Surplus Excavation
Item 103 Structure Excavation
Item 104 Embankment
Item 105 Sub-grade Preparation

EARTHWORK
Before the start of work on the different
items, a joint survey must be undertaken
in order to locate the centerline of the
proposed road, to check the existing
elevations, cross-sections and other
existing structures as shown on the original
plan and prepare/submit an “As-Staked
Plan”, for the approval of the higher
authorities.
Item 100-Clearing and Grubbing
General
• Clearing and Grubbing - is the

removal and disposal of all surface
objects including vegetation, grass,
stumps, trees and other protruding
obstructions not designated to
remain along the roadway prior to
commencing of any earth-moving
activity.
Types of Clearing and Grubbing
1. Individual Removal of Trees - removal is classified
depending on the size :
a. Item 100(3) - Individual Removal of Trees, Small
b. Item 100(4) - Individual Removal of Trees, Large
2. Disposal of Debris - The Contractor should

coordinate with the Project Engineer regarding the
identification of sites for disposal area in compliance
with the provisions stated in the Environmental
Clearance Certificate issued by the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources (DENR).
Equipment Requirements
• Bulldozer (155 HP) D65A-8

• Backhoe
• Payloader (1.5 cu.m.)
• Dump Truck (10 cu.m. cap.)
• Road Grader
Construction Procedures
1. Plans, special provisions and right-of- way
limits must be provided with stakes, as
reference in determining the
vertical/horizontal control.
2. Trees that are selected for preservation

must be protected while trees that are
needed to be cut / ball shall be identified.
3. After the construction limits are established, scarify
up to a depth of 6 inches (150 mm.) the existing
roadway and segregate the roots, stumps and other
unsuitable materials for proper disposal.
4. Hauled the excavated materials to the designated

disposal area or to the stockpile of the contractor.
5. Clearing shall extend one (1) meter beyond the toe

of the fill slopes or beyond rounding of cut slopes
for the entire length of the project.
Item 101-Removal of Structures and
Obstructions
General
Removal of structures and obstructions -
consist of the taking away, wholly or in part,
and the satisfactory disposal off the site of all
structures within the construction site and
right-of-way which have not been designated
to remain.
It is important that removal operations are
carefully studied and carried out under the
careful supervision of the Project Engineer
with adequate consideration of safety.
Types of Obstruction
1. Existing Pavements
2. Existing Drainage Structures
3. Underground Waterline
4. Electrical Post and Lines
5. Cable and Telephone Lines
6. Residential Houses & Buildings
- Backhoe
- Dump Truck
- Minor Tools
Simultaneously with the clearing and

grubbing works, removal of
obstructions both overhead and
underground utilities in particular
waterlines and telephone lines shall
be undertaken.
This picture shows the removal of obstruction. Prior to

actual construction work, obstructions are removed in
order not to hamper the work.
Item 102- Excavation
General
Excavation - consists of all the excavation

for grading and draining the roadway,
and includes loading, hauling and placing
the excavated materials from roadway
cuts to construct embankments or its
disposal to a designated location.
Types of Excavation
1. Common Excavation
2. Unsuitable Excavation
3. Rock Excavation
4. Unclassified Excavation
5. Surplus Excavation
- Bulldozer
- Backhoe
- Dump Truck
- Loader
- Drilling Machine
- Blasting Equipment and Accessories
1. Right-of-way limits must be provided with

stakes.
2. Survey works must be conducted on the
existing ground.
3. Excavate the roadway to the required
elevation per approved plans
4. If unsuitable materials are encountered,
excavate the roadway up to the stable soil.
5. If surplus materials are encountered, haul the
said materials to the designated disposal area.
The above picture shows that before starting excavating for any part
of the structure, it must be ascertained that sufficient ground levels
have been taken for computing excavation quantities, and the proper
alignment points are provided for laying out the work.
Item 102(1) - Unsuitable Excavation
General
Unsuitable Excavation - is the removal

and disposal of saturated mixture of soils
and organic matter such as peat and
muck which are not suitable as road
foundation materials which can cause
instability in embankments.
General
As a rough guide in recognizing and identifying
unsuitable materials, said materials is
composed of thoroughly decomposed organic
material with considerable mineral material,
usually black with a few fibrous remains,
odorous when dried or burnt, some sand and
silt and those materials excavated from swamps
and stagnant water. In order to determine the
exact property of the unsuitable materials
subject a representative sample to laboratory
test.
• Bulldozer
• Backhoe
• Dump Truck
• Loader
1.Conduct survey works on the existing

ground to compare the data as reflected
in the approved plans.
2.Excavate the roadway having unsuitable
materials up to the stable soil condition.
3.Dispose/haul the said materials to the
designated/approved disposal area.
Item 102(2) - Common Excavation
General
Common Excavation - refers to the

excavation of common materials along
the road traverse that may be placed as
fill or disposed as surplus.
Item 102(3) - Rock Excavation
General
Rock Excavation - is the digging on the ground

necessary along the road way traverse to
remove encountered rock to its designed
elevation either for use as an embankment or
for hauling to a waste deposit area.
Means of Excavating Rock

1. Thru Mechanical Ripping - if the rock is soft.
2. Thru Controlled Blasting - if the rock is too
hard.
This is one of the types of Roadway Excavation called the
Rock Excavation; this consists of igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks which cannot be excavated without
blasting or the use of rippers.
Item 102(4)-Surplus Excavation
General
Surplus Excavation - are suitable

materials excavated along the road
traverse which are disposed as excess in
the formation of embankment sub-
grade.
Types of Surplus Excavation
1. Surplus from Common Excavation
2. Surplus from Rock Excavation
3. Surplus from Unclassified Excavation
Item 103-Structure Excavation
General
Structure Excavation - consists of the necessary

excavation, removal and satisfactory disposal of
all materials within the stipulated limits.
Types of Structure Excavation

1. Culvert Excavation
2. Dry Excavation
3. Wet Excavation
4. Rock Excavation
5. Bridge Excavation (Unclassified)
• Dump Truck (10 cu.m.)

• Backhoe (0.80 cu.m.)
• Minor Tools
1.Prior to structure excavation, all

necessary clearing and grubbing shall
have been performed.
2.Check and review the plans.
3.Trenches shall be excavated to the lines
and grades or elevations shown on the
Plans.
4.The foundation surface shall provide a
firm throughout the length of the culvert.
Item 104-Embankment
General
Embankment - is describe as the work or
volume of earthen material necessary in the
formation of embankment roadway thru the
use of suitable materials which may be
sourced along the road traverse or borrow
from an outside source. These materials are
brought and compacted together to a
specified degree to form a stable embankment
to bring the road to a desired grade or to
elevate it above flood level.
Material Requirements
Please refer to Section 104.2, Material

Requirements of DPWH Standard
Specifications for Highways, Bridges and
Airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition.
Types of Embankment
1. Embankment from Excavation

2. Embankment from Borrow
• Grader, 150 HP
• Road Roller, 10 T Vibratory or Tandem
• Water Truck, 500-1000 galloons
For clay material : sheepsfoot roller shall be used

to obtain proper compaction.
A. Construction of embankment on a relatively
flat terrain:
1.Check sub grade if already completed in
accordance with the plans and specifications
for clearing and grubbing and sub grade
preparation prior to filling of embankment
materials.
2.The material is spread in relatively thin layer
of 200 mm with appropriate crown/cross
slope to ensure proper draining of surface
water when it rains.
3.Compaction should be done by rolling with a
minimum weight of 10 tons.
Rolling/compaction operation shall progress
gradually from the sides to the center, parallel
to the center of the road and shall continue
until the whole surface has been rolled up to
the number of passes required based on the
trial section result where a minimum density of
95% is attained. During the progress of rolling, a
minimum overlapped width of 300 mm. shall be
observed for each succeeding parallel passes to
ensure level compacted surface.
4.Conduct one group of three in-situ density
tests for each five hundred (500) square meter or
fraction thereof of compacted layer. If it fails to
meet the minimum 95% density, additional rolling
shall be undertaken until such time that the
required compaction is obtained. For a saturated
material wherein the minimum density could not
be attained, windrowing should be undertaken
and allow it to dry, and proceed with rolling up to
the desired compaction. If the material is too
dry, watering/sprinkling with water shall be
undertaken uniformly.
Spreading of embankment materials
What Is an FDT ?
FDT is Field Density Test which is conducted on

site in order to determine if the required
compaction specification has been attained to
a specific layer.
What Do We Mean by Blue Tops?
Blue Tops are painted sticks placed along the

side of the road traverse as guide and reference
in the elevation of the different layering
requirements of the road project
Item 105- Subgrade Preparation
General
Subgrade - is that portion of the earth
roadbed which after having been constructed
to reasonably close conformance with the
lines, grades and cross-sections indicated on
the plans, receives and supports the sub base
or base course materials.
In a fill section, the sub grade is the top of
the embankment or the fill.
In a cut section, the sub grade is the
bottom of the cut.

• Grader, 150 HP
• Road Roller, 10 T Vibratory or Tandem
• Water Truck, 500 – 1,000 galloons
1. Subgrade in Common Excavation :
a. Roadbed shall be cleared of unstable materials.
b.Compaction shall be done by rolling using vibratory
road roller or tandem roller.
c.Conduct one group of three in-situ density test for
each 500 square meter or fraction thereof of compacted
layer.
-if it fails to meet the minimum 95 percent density,
additional rolling is needed to obtained the required density.
d.The succeeding structural layers should proceed
immediately after preparation of the subgrade.
PART II
SUBBASE AND BASE
COURSE
SUBBASE AND BASE COURSE
Item 200 Aggregate Sub base Course
Item 201 Aggregate Base Course
Item 200-Aggregate Sub base Course
General
Aggregate Sub base Course - refers to the

structural sub-layer material of a roadway
placed directly on top of the sub-grade.
• Road Grader with Scrapper (GD511A-1)

• Vibratory Drum Roller (BW151AC)
• Water Truck (500-1000 gal.)
• Minor Tools
Please refer to Item 200.2, Material

Requirements of DPWH Standard Specifications
for Highways, Bridges and Airports, Volume II,
2013 Edition.
1. Check the subgrade, if already completed in
accordance with the plans specifications
before proceeding with the laying of sub base
course materials.
2. Provide blue-top of every 20 meters

interval (marked staked) for vertical control
reference, to be placed along the side of the
roadway.
3.Laying and spreading of aggregate sub base
materials shall be done using road grader on a
prepared subgrade in a quantity which will
provide the required compacted thickness.
Appropriate crown/cross slope should be
maintained during laying/spreading operation
to ensure proper draining when rains occur.
No laying/spreading operation should be done
when it is rain; or when base is too saturated.
4. Compaction should be done using a vibratory road
roller or tandem roller with a minimum weight of 10
tons. A maximum compacted thickness for any layer
shall not exceed 150 mm. No rolling / compaction
operation should be done when it is raining or when the
laid sub base course is fully saturated with rain.
Rolling/compaction shall progress gradually from the
sides to the center, parallel to the center of the road and
shall continue until the whole surface has been rolled up
to the number of passes required based on the trial
section result where 100% compaction is attained.
Progress rolling should provide 300 mm. overlap of the
width of the wheel for each succeeding parallel passes to
ensure level compacted surface.
5. Conduct Field Density Test (FDT) for each
compacted layer. If failed to satisfy the Field
Density requirements of at least 100% of the
maximum dry density, additional rolling shall
be undertaken until such time that the
required compaction is attained.
Check the allowable tolerance prior to the
start of the succeeding layer. Allowable
tolerance is plus or minus 20 mm.
Item 201-Aggregate Base Course
General
In flexible pavement, “aggregate base course”
is the load-carrying portion and provides the
structural capacity to bituminous concrete
slabs by carrying the load and distribute it to
the soil under the layers of asphalt concrete.
The life and riding qualities of asphalt concrete

surface depends directly on the care exercised
in the construction of aggregate base course.
• Road Grader with Scrapper (GD511A-1)

• Vibratory Drum Roller (BW151AC)
• Water Truck 500 - 1,000 galloon
• Minor Tools
Please refer to Section 201.2 Material
1. Check the preparation of the existing surface,
if it is in accordance with the plans and
specifications.
2. Aggregate Base Course shall be placed spread
and compact at a uniform mixture on a
prepared subgrade in a quantity which will
provide the required compacted thickness, using
road grader vibratory road roller simultaneously.
3. Conduct Field Density Test for each
compacted layer. Allowable tolerance is plus or
minus 10mm.
This presents that the subbase/base materials
should be spread to the required thickness for
compaction
Spreading
The subbase/base materials shall be spread to the

required thickness for compaction.
If the required thickness is 150 mm or less, the
material may be spread and compacted in one layer.
Compaction
Each layer shall be compacted to the full width.

Required degree of compaction is 100%
PART III
SURFACE COURSES
SURFACE COURSES
Item 301 Bituminous Prime Coat

Item 302 Bituminous Tack Coat
Bituminous Concrete Surface
Item 310 Course, Hot Laid
Item 301
Bituminous Prime Coat
General
Prime Coat - is an application of thin
bituminous material to a porous base
before putting on a surface course.
• serve to stabilize the base material.
• serve to plug the capillary voids in the
pavement.
• applied only to dry or slightly moist
surfaces.
Bituminous material shall either be Rapid
Curing (RC) or Medium Curing (MC) Cut-
back Asphalt, whichever is called for in the
Bill of Quantities (Refer to the requirements
of Item 702 –Bituminous Materials).
Range of Temperature:
Temperature Range = 32*C (min.) to 68*C
(max.)
• Self-powered pressure bituminous
material distributor
• Power broom or other mechanical
sweeping equipment
• Bituminous heating equipment
• Pressure distributor
• Water sprinkler
• Armored Thermometer
1. Prior to the application of the prime coat, check
the base if it conforms with the required
specifications.
2. Apply the prime coat by using pressure distributor

at a rate of 1 to 2 liters per square meter.
3. Prime coat shall be left undisturbed for a period of

at least 24 hours.
4. Extend the prime coat at least 30 cm. beyond the

edge of the surface on each side.
CONSTRUCTION PROCEDURES
5. Observed the time of penetration starting

from the time of its application.
Types Of Bituminous Prime Coat
The following is a list of bituminous
material used for prime coats
considering the condition of the soil
base and the climate:
1. In moderate and warm climates,
use MC-70.
2. In cold climates, use RS asphalt
cutbacks such as RC-70 or RC-250.
Types Of Bituminous Prime Coat
3. In very cold climates, eliminate the
prime coat because the curing process
may be extremely slow.
4. On densely graded base courses, use
MC-30.
5. On loosely bonded, fine-grained soils,
such as well-graded sand, use MC-70
or SC-70.
6. On coarse-grained sandy soils, use
MC-250 or SC-250.
Item 302
Bituminous Tack Coat
General
Tack Coat - is an application of liquid asphalt on
an existing pavement
Tack coat, as the name implies is intended only

to provide a “tacky” surface between the
surfaces.
Tack Coat consists of a light application of

asphalt material to an existing road
surface before placing a Hot Mix Asphalt
(HMA) course.
Bituminous material shall either be Rapid
Curing (RC) Cut-back or Emulsified Asphalt,
whichever is called for in the Bill of
Quantities.
Range of Temperature:
Temperature Range = 10*C (min.) to 71*C
(max.)
• Self-powered pressure bituminous material
distributor including the following
accessories:
 Tachometer
 Pressure gauges
 Calibrated tank
• Power broom or other mechanical sweeping
equipment
• Bituminous heating equipment
• Water Sprinkler
• Armored Thermometer
1. Prior to the application of the bituminous
tack coat, The Project Engineer should
designate the beginning and ending
points of the area to be covered.
2. The surface shall be slightly
sprayed/sprinkled with water but not
saturated.
3. The rate of application shall be within the
range of 0.20 to 0.70 liters per square
meters. The atmospheric temperature
shall be above 15.56*C.
4. After application of tack coat, the
surface should be allowed to cure
without being disturbed.
5. Ensure that the traffic should not be
allowed on the tack coat.
Item 310
Bituminous Concrete Surface Course,
Hot Laid
General
One of the two basic types of pavement
is the “flexible pavement” which is made of
compacted mass of mineral aggregate
mixed with asphalt laid at a high
temperature of about 135*C to 148.89*C.
Aggregates account for 92% to 95% of the
weight of the mixture while asphalt
accounts for 5% to 8% of the weight of the
mix. The exact percentage to be used is
established by the “job-mix formula”.
General
Bitumen is the essential ingredient in
practically all flexible pavements.
Bitumen - it is a black or brownish-black
amorphous solid which is hard
or even brittle when cold.
- when heated, it gradually softens
and then liquefies without any
definite melting point.
Composition and Quality of Bituminous
Mixture (Job-Mix Formula)
Job-Mix Formula:
1. Aggregate
2. Mineral Filler
3. Hydrated Lime
4. Bituminous Material
Note: At least 3 weeks prior to production,
the contractor shall submit in writing a job-
mix formula for each mixture.
• Asphalt Paver (80 Hp)
• Pneumatic Tire Roller (10 m.t.)
• Water Truck (1000 gal.)
• Power Broom
• Tandem Roller
• Thermometer
1. Before placing the bituminous
mixture, the existing surface shall be
cleaned of loose deleterious
materials.
2. The Hot - Mix Asphalt (HMA) shall be
spread and distribute to the grade and
elevation in accordance with the
approved plans by means of an
Asphalt Paver over the entire width or
partial width of the paving surface.
3. The longitudinal joint in one (1) layer
shall be offset that in the layer
immediately below approximately 15
cm.
4. The joint in the top layer shall be at
the center line of the pavement if the
roadway comprises of 2 lanes.
5. Mechanical spreading shall be used on
areas with irregularities or
unavoidable obstacles.
6. Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) shall be
placed at a temperature not less than
107*C.
7. After the HMA has been spread, it
shall be compacted by rollers.
8. Rolling shall begin at the sides and
proceeds longitudinally parallel
toward the road center line.
9. Each trip overlapping ½ the roller
width, gradually progressing to the
crown of the road.
10. For paving in abutting a previously
placed lane, the longitudinal joint shall
be rolled first followed by the regular
rolling procedure.
11. For super-elevated curves, the rolling
shall begin at the low side and
progresses to the high side overlapping
of longitudinal trips parallel to the
center line.
12. Rollers shall move at a slow but uniform
speed with the drive roll or wheels
nearest the paver.
13. Rolling shall be continued until roller
marks are eliminated.
14. Transverse joints shall be formed by
cutting back on the previous run to
expose the full depth of the course
(HMA).
15. Brush coat of bituminous material
shall be used on contact surfaces of
transverse joints before additional
mixture is placed against the
previously roll material.
16. Each sample of at least 150mm x
150mm or 100 mm diameter full
depth shall be neatly cut by saw or
core drill.
17. At least one (1), but not more than 3
samples shall be taken for each full
day’s operation.
18. No acceptance and final payment shall
be made on completed asphalt
pavement unless core test for
thickness determination is conducted.
19. If the deficiency in the core thickness
is more than 5 mm, additional asphalt
overlay thickness shall be permitted
to meet the desired thickness but it
shall not be less than 50 mm.
20. Completed asphalt pavement shall
have thickness tolerance of -5mm.
This drawing shows the methodology of constructing a multi
layered asphalt concrete pavement includes the following:
application of prime coat, application of binder course,
application of tack coat and the application of wearing course
Spreading Of Asphaltic Material
Manual Spreading
Breakdown Rolling
Finishing Compaction
Completed Asphalt Pavement
Asphalt Concrete Overlay on PCCP
Preventive Measures for Reflection Cracks on Asphalt Concrete

Overlay
Item 311
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
GENERAL
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement

(PCCP) - is constructed by casting in place,
on a prepared foundation, a concrete slab
with the top finished to provide a smooth
and durable wearing surface for traffic.
Portland Cement Concrete Pavement is

one of the two basic types of pavement
which is also called “rigid pavement”.
1. Portland Cement
2. Fine Aggregate
3. Coarse Aggregate
4. Water
• Concrete Vibrators (2” 50mm)
• Concrete Cutter / Rebar Cutter
• Concrete Paver / Screeder
• Water Truck
• Concrete Batch Plant
• Transit Mixers
• Wheel Loader
• Minor Tools
1. Before concreting operation start considering
that the road foundation are properly
prepared, check over the job to determine
the adequacy of the following details:
a. Condition of sub-base or base
b. Working condition of major equipment
c. Number of types of hand tools and
finishing tools.
d. Provision of curing.
e. Number of crews to place, finish and
cure the concrete.
2. Check the Setting of Forms:
a. It should be of steel, of an approved
section
b. Check the base of the form
c. Steel forms should be installed firmly
d. Steel forms shall be rigidly supported
on bed
e. Steel forms shall be provided with
adequate devices for secure setting
3. Placing of Steel Reinforcement:
a. Deformed Tie Bars shall not be painted
or coated
b. Provide Dowel Bars as required at all
contraction joints
4. Handling, Measuring and Batching
Materials:
a. Check the batching plant site,
equipment, and provisions for
transporting materials.
5. Placing of Concrete:
a. Concrete shall be unloaded into an
approved spreading device
b. Workers are not allowed to walk on the
freshly concrete
c. Placing should be continuous
d. Test Specimen - at least one (1) set
consisting of three (3) concrete beam
test specimens, 150 mm x 525 mm or
900 mm shall be taken from each 330 sq.
m. of pavement, 230 mm depth, fraction
thereof each day.
e. Using of Concrete Vibrator - Concrete
should be thoroughly consolidated along
faces of all steel forms
Concrete Vibrators shall be operated
longer than fifteen (15) seconds in any
single location.
6. Screeding :
a. Screeder is used to grade concrete in
such manner as to prevent segregation.
7. Concrete Finishing :
a. Longitudinal Float is used after the
concrete has been consolidated
8. Brooming :
• Brooming of concrete shall be in a
uniform appearance of corrugations
9. Concrete Curing :
• Curing is necessary for the hydration to
take place
10. Curing Method :
a. Earth or straw
b. Burlap or cotton mats
• Spread over the surface
• Mats are sprinkled and kept constantly wet
c. Waterproof paper or polytelene sheets
• May be placed over the surface to retain
moisture
d. Curing Compound
• Popular method
• Involves the spray application of light –
colored fluid to the entire area of the wet
concrete
11. Removal of Forms:
a. Crowbars are used in the removal of
steel forms
b. Forms for concrete shall remain in

place undistributed within 24 hours after
pouring.
12. Concrete Cutting :
a. Cutting at weakened plane joint
/contraction joint is done within 24
hours after concrete pouring .
13. Sealing of Joints :
a. Joints shall be sealed with asphalt
sealant
14. Pavement Protection :
a. Against Rain – To protect the newly
poured concrete pavement.
b. Against Traffic - To protect the newly
poured concrete pavement at its
early age
“To have a good workmanship, a well

trained mason should be hired to have a
smooth pavement surface.”
Types Of Pccp Joints
1. Construction Joint :
• Construction Joint is also called “cold
joint”
2. Contraction Joint :
• Contraction Joint is also called as
Weakened Plane Joint
• If Contraction Joint or Weakened Plane
Joint (WPJ) is not installed, random
cracking will occur
3. Longitudinal Joint :
• If the lanes are concreted separately,
a longitudinal construction joint in
the form of a key and keyway is used.
• Deformed Tie Bars are placed
perpendicular to this joint.
4. Expansion Joint :
• Expansion Joint is usually from 19 to
25 mm wide and extend the full depth
of the slab.
• Dowel Bars is used in expansion joint
Types Of Re-bars Used In Pccp
1. Dowels :
• Dowels are “plain round steel bars”
generally coated with a thin file of
bitumen to protect them against
corrosion and to facilitate sliding in
concrete.
Types Of Re-bars Used In Pccp
2. Tie Bars :
• Tie Bars are deformed bars used in
construction joints and longitudinal
joints together with keys to tie two
slabs together.
• Its installation must be midway in
the slab
Being the uppermost component of the roadway, it should provide
long lasting, smooth, clean surface and should spread the load
sufficiently so that the base material can support them
It protects the base against damage by traffic and weather.
General
TYPES OF PAVEMENT
1. Portland Cement Concrete Pavement
(PCCP) – Rigid Pavement
2. Asphalt Concrete Pavement (ACP) –
Flexible Pavement
General
RIGID PAVEMENT
Rigid Pavement (PCCP) consists of three (3)

layers:
1. Concrete Slab – Made of reinforced on
plain concrete;
2. Subbase – Portion of the pavement
structure between the subgrade and the
slab; and
3. Subgrade – Bottom portion of the
pavement structure
I. Quality Control (Pccp)
The contactor shall perform all sampling,
testing, and inspection necessary to assure
quality control of the component materials of
the concrete
II. Design Mix And Trial Paving (Pccp)
The contractor is required to formulate the
design mix, conduct trial mix and trial paving
for approval of the Project Engineer before
commencement of pavement construction
Flowchart for Preparatory Work for Concrete Paving

III.Admixture/Additive (Pccp)
Admixture/Additive shall be added only to the
concrete mix to produce some desired
modifications to the properties of concrete
whenever necessary, but not as partial
replacement of cement.
Requirements for Admixture

IV.Concrete Paving Activities (PCCP)
Preparation and Cleaning

Moistening prior to placing

Transport of concrete
(from slipform paver)
Placing of Concrete
Conduct of slump test

Checking of temperature of the mix

Checking of the thickness

Finishing by means of a floater

Finishing by means of a screeder

Checking of the texturing Tool

Texturing of the surface

Spraying of curing compound

Provision of protective cover sheets

Sawing of weakened plane joint

Checking the depth and width of the joint

V. Types Of Formworks (PCCP)
1. FIXED-FORM
Using Fixed Form

V. Types Of Formworks (PCCP)
2. SLIP FORM
Using Slipform Paver

VI.WEAKENED PLANE JOINT (PCCP)
• All joints shall be protected from the
intrusion of injurious foreign material until
sealed;
• All joints shall be cut within 4 to 24 hours
after pouring and sealed with asphalt
sealant;
• Depth of the weakened plane joint shall not
be less than 50mm whole the width not
more than 6mm.
VII.Types And Functions Of PCCP Joints
VIII.PCCP Joints And Load Transfer Device
IX.Size And Length Of Dowel/Tie Bars
• Tie bars are installed across longitudinal joints to hold the

2 slabs in close contact or to prevent them for separating;
• Tie bars are located at mid-depth of the pavement;
• Dowel bars are placed in contraction joints and in some
construction joints when it falls at full block (4.5m) to
transfer a portion of the load across the joint and to hold
the 2 slab ends at the same location;
• Dowel bars must be parallel to the surface and to the
centerline of the pavement.
X. Replacement Of Deteriorated Pccp Slabs
1. The Engineer and the Contractor conduct
joint inspections prior to the commencement
of work to confirm the current conditions
and identify the PCC slabs to be replaced.
2. The Contractor removes broken/deteriorated
PCCP slabs in accordance with the Plans,
Specifications or as directed by the Engineer.
3. The subgrade and subbase course are
prepared in accordance with the
specifications or as directed by the Engineer.
4. Existing tie bars on longitudinal joints are to
be retained if these are still in good condition.
Where necessary, new tie bars shall be
installed on drilled holes and bonded with
high viscosity epoxy resin.
5. Install forms; side surfaces of the existing
PCCP shall be cleaned.
6. Pour concrete; perform the required surface
texturing, cutting and curing.
7. Thoroughly clean the joints and apply
sealants adequately.
Deteriorated PCCP
XI. Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Widening
PCCP Widening
Drilling of holes Placing Concrete

for Tie Bars
XI. Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Widening
• The provision for widening blocks at
curves shall be poured simultaneously
with the adjoining lane.
• Weakened plane joints at curves shall be
perpendicular to the centerline.
XII.Temperature Control (PCCP)
• The Engineer shall require that measures be taken into
consideration to prevent the temperature of concrete mix
from exceeding 32oC;
• Shrinkage cracks occur when the concrete is placed at a high
temperature, which may include any or all of the following:
a) Addition of ice blocks in the water.
b) Shading and water sprinkling of aggregates,
formworks and steel bars.
c) Shading of working area.
d) In transporting concrete using trucks, provide
necessary cover sheets.
e) Placing of concrete at a time when the humidity is low.
XII.Temperature Control (PCCP)
Thermometer
XIII.Surface Texturing (PCCP)
Surface texturing is necessary to keep a

skid resistant surface and is done after the
surface has hardened enough.
XIV.Spreading Of Subbase Materials (PCCP)
Laying of Base Materials by means of Road

Grader and Paver
PART IV
DRAINAGE AND SLOPE
PROTECTION STRUCTURES
DRAINAGE AND SLOPE PROTECTION
STRUCTURES
Item 500 Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
Item 505 Riprap and Grouted Riprap
Item 506 Stone Masonry
Item 500- Pipe Culverts and Storm
Drains
General
The primary purpose of a drainage system is

to provide adequate means of channeling
run-off and surface water so as to prevent
damage by water which, either directly or
indirectly, is the cause of many roadway
failures.
Main Functions of Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
1.Intercept, collect and direct runoff which is

draining naturally towards the roadway from
adjacent catchments areas.
2.Collect runoff from the road formation and
adjacent cutting and embankment slopes.
3.Provide the means for containing and
draining these waters to points of disposal.
4.Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains may also
intercept and drain subsoil moisture.
Main Functions of Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains can be

constructed before the commencement of
earthworks, during earthworks or when the
formation has reached sub grade level.
The key to successful culvert installation is

achieving the correct standard of bedding and
backfill for the type of conduit being laid.
Types of Pipe Culverts and Storm Drains
1. Pre-cast Reinforced Concrete Pipes (RCP)
2. Pre-cast or Cast-in-Place Reinforced Concrete
Box Culverts (RCBC)
“The type of pipe culverts used depends

upon site conditions, waterway
requirements, depth of cover and bedding
available”.
• Backhoe (0.80 cu.m.)
• Plate Compactor (5 HP)
• Minor Tools
1.The Project Inspector should verify if the inlet

and outlet channel are adjusted to ensure a
smooth flow of water and avoid scour.
2.It is important that the base of the excavation

is smooth and conforms to the design culvert
grade line.
3.If the excavation is being carried out in wet
conditions then, it should be started at the
lowest point and progressively dug to the
higher end. The trench or streambed must be
shaped to fit the bottom of the culvert. Flat if it
is flat bottom and circular if RCPC is used.
4.Pipes are installed in the original streambed

with their grades and flow line conforming to
the natural channel or canal. Pipe is usually laid
with the bell or female ends upstream.
5.Care must be taken in the jointing process
that the pushing together of the pipes to
complete the joint does not disturb the
bedding.
Pipes are installed in the original streambed with their grades and flow line
conforming to the natural channel or canal.
Laying begins at downstream end of the culvert line to use gravity in
properly installing the pipes.
Groove ends are placed such that the pipe ends fit at its nearest ends.
Lower segment of each pipe should be in contact with the shape of the
bedding throughout its full length.
Collaring of RC Pipes
Mortar proportion is 1:2 with enough water to obtain

the desired consistency.
The collar is to form a continuous bead around the
outside of the pipe.
The inside of pipe is finished smooth.
Backfilling
Backfill are placed and compacted in layers not exceeding

15 cm. on both sides up to an elevation of 30 cm above
the top of the culvert.
Spreading maybe done manually using rakes and shovels
at a thin layer which is most ideal to produce easy
compaction of material done using hand tampers to insure a thoroughly
tamped backfill.
After backfilling, pipe culverts are protected by providing
extra fill as cover before any heavy equipment is
permitted to cross during the construction of the roadway to protect the job
from possible damage by excessive loads.
Item 505 Riprap and Grouted Riprap
General
Riprap and Grouted Riprap - is a type of slope
protection using boulders of specified size and
character which may be done with or without
grout and which holds in place embankment
slopes, cut slopes and other earth surfaces that
may either be eroded or washed away by water.
All work must be constructed on firm ground so

that there is no chance of settlement or failure
by cracking.
General
A. Dry Riprap
1. Dry Riprap is more economical without
considering the grout to bring together the
boulders however; it is only applicable to a
limited height and slope.
2. Dry Riprap is stone laid carefully by hand
following a definite pattern with the voids
between the larger stones filled with smaller
stones and the surface kept relatively even. It
requires that the stone be relatively uniform in
size and shape (square or rectangular).
General
Advantages associated with the use of Dry
Riprap include:
1. The even interlocking surface produces a neat
appearance.
2. It is more flexible that it can accommodate
movements due to foundation failures without
breaking.
General
Disadvantages associated with Dry Riprap

include:
1. Installation is very labor-intensive resulting in

high costs.
General
B. Grouted Riprap
1. Grouted Riprap requires the use of grout to
fill up the interstices of the boulders both of
which are put together to form a monolithic
armor and obtain a strong but rigid slope
protection structure.
General
2. Grouted Riprap can reduce the quantity of

boulders required as grouting anchors the
boulders.
Please refer to Item 505.2.1 – Material
airports, Volume II, 2013 Edition.
• One Bagger Mixer
• Water Truck (500-1000 gal.)
• Minor Tools
1. Excavated the trench to the required depth,
per approved plan. Shape the side slopes and
compact same before placing the
stones/boulders.
2. Pour concrete mortar on the trench before
laying the first layer of stones/boulders for
the foundation.
3. Moisten the surface of the stones before the
stone is bedded.
4. Lay the stones/boulders wherein the longer
axis of the stones/boulders is perpendicular
to the slopes.
5. Alternately lay the stones/boulders and fill
all voids with concrete mortar for the
succeeding layers.
6. Install the weep holes (usually, PVC – 2
inches in diameter, staggered 1.0 m. on
center) provided with filter cloth and
granular materials.
7. Seat the stones/boulders to the required
thickness and that all boulders are placed on
firm and compacted ground.
8. Wet by spraying with water the face of the
grouted riprap structure prior to the
application of the grouts and fill the voids to
the specified depth.
9. Check that the faces of stones are relatively
free of grout.
Grouted Riprap Methodology
 Excavation of Foundation
 Use of Batterboards As Guide
 Laying of Boulders and Grout
 Finishing Work
 Importance of Weep Holes
Excavation of Foundation
A backhoe is an ideal equipment to use in the

excavation of foundation for grouted riprap.
Use of Batterboards As Guide
 Good workmanship requires a reliable reference to guide the

work up to completion.
 The unevenness of the embankment slopes is then trimmed
using shovels and rakes.
 The high areas are removed and patched and compacted to low
areas until a flat surface is attained.
Laying of Boulders and Grout
Boulders and grout are placed layer by layer alternately.

Each stone is laid with its longest axis perpendicular to the
slope in close contact with the adjacent stone.
The riprap is thoroughly rammed into place and the finished

stone are laid to an even tight surface.
Spaces between stones are filed with cement mortar sufficient
enough to fill completely all the voids.
Finishing Work
Cement grout is placed starting from the bottom to the top of

the surface and then swept with a stiff broom.
After grouting, the surface is cured for a period of at least 3
days from the date of installation.
Measurement of Thickness
What is the importance of weep holes in slope
protection/retaining structure?
Weep holes are opening provided to permit draining of water

in filter layer or soil layer from behind the structure.
If no or insufficient weep holes are installed, this will cause
oversaturation of the embankment and the subsequent failure
of the road structure.
Item 506-Stone Masonry
General
Retaining wall - are structures that support

soils at slopes steeper in their angle of repose
and because of their resistance to earth
pressure derived from their own weight they
are also known as “gravity walls”.
Types of Stone Masonry
1. Sizes and Shapes :

Stones should have a thickness of not less
than 150 mm.
2. Dressing :
Stones should be dressed to remove any thin
or weak portions.
3. Finish for expose faces :
Face stones should be pitched to the line
along the beds and joints. The maximum
projection of rock faces beyond the pitch lines
should not be more than 50 mm.
• Water Truck (1000 gal.)
• Backhoe Wheel Type (0.28 cu.m.)
• Minor Tools
1. Excavate the trench to the required depth
and/or at the stable foundation of the stone
masonry structure.
2. Pour concrete mortar on the trench before
laying the first layer of stones/boulders for the
foundation.
3. Moisten the surface of the stones before the
stone is bedded to prevent the stone from
absorbing moisture from the mortar and
thereby causing the mortar to shrink and
become non-plastic.
4. Place the larger stones in the foundation to
give the greatest strength and lessen the
danger of unequal settlement.
5. Alternately lay the stones/boulders and fill
all voids and interstices of the
stones/boulders with concrete mortar for the
succeeding layers.
6. Lay the stones/boulders upon its broadest
face, so that the spaces between the stones
may be filled most easily.
7. Install the weep holes (usually, PVC – 2
inches in diameter, staggered 1.0 m. on
center) provided with filter cloth and
granular materials.
8. Seat the stones/boulders to the required
thickness and that all stones/boulders are
placed firmly;
9. Flush with mortar all joints between
stones/boulders so that the individual stones
laid are parallel to the faces of the wall in
which the stones are set.
10.Backfill the stone masonry when the mortar
has gained sufficient strength.
Stone Masonry Specifications
 Boulders - thickness of not less than 150 mm, and
widths of not less than one and one-half times
their respective thickness, and lengths of not less
than one and one-half times their respective
widths.
 Mortar - composed of one part of Portland

Cement and two parts of fine aggregate by volume
and sufficient water to make the mortar such
consistency that it can be handled easily and
spread with a trowel.
Excavating Stone Masonry Foundation
The foundation bed where the masonry is to be placed

should be firm and normal to the face of the wall.
The bed that will receive the stone should be clean and
moistened before the mortar is spread.
Use of Batterboards Essential to Produce Good Workmanship
As in grouted riprap, batter boards are necessary

to keep the lines and grades of the finished stone
masonry structure in accordance to the lines and
grades of the plans.
 Large stones are used in the corners.

 Bunching of small stones of the same size is not allowed.
 Stones are laid with their longest face horizontal in full beds of
mortar.
 Joints are flushed with mortar.
 The exposed face of the individual stone should be parallel to the
face of the wall in which stones are set.
 The stones are handled carefully so as not to jar or displace the
stones already set.
Finishing Works
Immediately after laying and while the mortar is still

fresh, all face should be thoroughly cleaned of mortar
stains and should be kept clean until the work is
completed.
PART V
MISCELLANEOUS
STRUCTURES
MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES
Item 600 Curb and Gutter
Item 601 Sidewalk
Item 603 Guardrail (Metal)
Item 605 Road Signs
Item 606 Pavement Markings
Item 600 – Curb and Gutter
General
Curb - is the raised rim which forms the edge of
the sidewalk while the gutter - is the lower
horizontal paved portion.
Curb and gutter in paved streets serve to channel

storm water to inlets, catch basins, storm
sewers and ditches and prevent surface water
from running off the edges of the pavement
between outlets or accumulate on the road for
the proper drainage of the roadway.
Types of Curb and Gutter
1. Rounded Curbs - are used in many

residential areas and are most often used at
driveways.
Types of Curb and Gutter
2. Angled Type - is most often used on major

suburban thoroughfares.
3. Square (90°-edge) Type - is used in towns

and cities as it is a straight step down and less
to be tripped-over by pedestrians.
• Concrete Vibrator
• Water Truck (1,000 galloon), All Make
• Minor Tools

1. Check curb and/gutter if already completed in

accordance with the plans and specification
before pouring.
2. Curb and/or gutter forms should be watered

ahead of placing concrete.
3. Pouring of concrete shall be deposited in such

a manner to require minimal rehandling.
Curb and gutter:
It is the raised rim of concrete which forms the edge
of the sidewalk while the gutter is the horizontal paved
portion slightly inclined.
Both forms the road surface drainage system used to
collect surface run-off water.
Item 601 – Sidewalk
General
Sidewalk - is typically 100 mm to 150 mm

thick slab on grade and it is an important
feature of the urban environment.
Types of Sidewalk
Two categories of Sidewalks :
1. Asphalt Sidewalk
2. Concrete Sidewalk
Majority of sidewalks are the rigid concrete

slab-on-grade type as concrete sidewalks are
more economical to construct with widths
from 1.2 to 2.0 m.
• Concrete Vibrator
• Concrete Mixer
• Concrete Paver
• Minor Tools

The above drawings show that:
It is for use of pedestrians
It provides safety also to motorists as a good clearance so that the roadway can be fully utilized.
It must be wide enough and skid resistant.
603 – Guardrail (Metal)
General
Guardrails - are installed to mark the limit of

safe travel and warn of danger beyond.
It is used to restrain and guide an out-of-

control vehicle in a manner that will cause the
least damage and not create undue hazard to
other vehicles.
• Stake truck
• Minor tools
• Chain Link
• Metal Beam Rail
1. Check backfilling of postholes to conforms to

specifications. Posts should be set to the full
depth shown on the plans.
2. Measure the spacing of posts.
3. Check that the guardrail elements are lapped
so that the exposed ends will not face
approaching traffic.
5. Check bolts for tightness and threaded rods

for proper trimming.
6. Measure the height of the guardrail above

the ground to ensure that the height
conforms to the plans.
The above drawing shows an example of a Guardrail.
They are installed to mark the limit of safe travel and warn of danger beyond.
It is used to restrain and guide out-of-control vehicle in a manner that will cause the
least damage and not create undue hazard to other vehicles.
Item 605 – Road Signs
General
Road Signs - are the oldest traffic control

device used to guide the safe and orderly
movement of traffic.
Types of Road Signs
A. Regulatory Sign :
Regulatory sign is to regulate the movement of

traffic.
Types of Road Signs
B. Warning Sign:
Warning sign - is always triangular in shape with

one vertical angle and dark blue symbol two
borders one white and red with reflectorized
white background.
Warning sign - is used to warn traffic of potentially

hazardous conditions on or adjacent to the road.
Types of Road Signs
C. Informatory Sign :
Informatory sign – it informs and advices road users

about the direction and distance of destination on the
route they are following or along other roads which
intersect their route.
Informatory sign – it supplies information to identify

points of geographical or historical interest and give
directions to rest, camping or parking areas.
Please refer to DPWH Standard Specifications

series of 2004.
• Cargo Truck
• Minor Tools
P
Are traffic signs installed along the roadway for the following
purposes :
For traffic safety
To remind particular traffic rules
To inform drivers how to use the roadway
Item 606 - Pavement Markings
General
Pavement markings - is essential component

of roadway for the guidance and control of
vehicles and pedestrians. They take the form
of lines, symbols, messages or numerals and
may be set into the surface applied upon or
attached to the pavement.
Please refer to DPWH Standard Specifications

series of 2004.
• Cargo Trucks
• Applicator Machine
• Kneading Machine
• Traffic Safety Devices
• Minor Tools
1. Heat and mix as applicable the type of

pavement marking material to be applied.
2. Check the efficiency of the applicator

machine.
Applicators should travel with the flow of

traffic using properly equipped lead and
shadow vehicles and traffic control devices.
3. Install proper traffic control to protect the markings.
4. Check the rate of application of marking and glass

bead materials.
5. Check the line thickness, width and adhesion and

cycle length.
6. Dry all markings sufficiently before opening to

traffic.
Types of Pavement Markings
1. Longitudinal Lines - are those laid in the

direction of travel.
These include: Center Line; Lane Line; Double

Yellow Line; ‘No-Passing” Zone Markings;
Pavement Edge Line; Continuity Lines; and
Transition Line.
2. Edge Line - used to delineate the edge of the

traveled way to distinguish it from the
shoulder area. It is a solid white line
between 100mm and 200mm wide.
3. Lane Lines – these are 100 mm wide white

stripes between contiguous lanes of
pavement carrying traffic in the same
direction.
4. Transverse Lines - are laid across the

direction of travel or markings across the
carriageway.
Transverse lines should be solid stripes 600

mm (24 inches) wide, of the color specified
and placed at an angle to the direction of
travel. Transverse lines may be classified into
the following types: Stop Line; Yield (Give Way)
Lines; and Pedestrian Crossing Markings.
THANK YOU!!!

Road Const Methods

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ROAD

Road - is a structure that link barangays and cities in the country. It

• Major Roads - are frequently used by

• Minor Roads - are roads which is local in

Highway - it can accommodate greater

• It is the “simplest form of road”

 For heavy traffic load

Aggregate Sub-Base Course

 Pre-construction Conference /Preliminary

– Complete contract drawings, including any revisions that have

PART II Sub-base and Base Courses

PART III Surface Courses

PART IV Drainage and Slope Protection Structure

PART V Miscellaneous Structures

Item 101 Removal of Structures and Obstructions

Item 102 Excavation

Item 102(1) Unsuitable Excavation

Item 102(2) Common Excavation

Item 102(3) Rock Excavation

Item 102(4) Surplus Excavation

Item 103 Structure Excavation

Item 104 Embankment

Item 105 Sub-grade Preparation

• Clearing and Grubbing - is the

2. Disposal of Debris - The Contractor should

• Bulldozer (155 HP) D65A-8

2. Trees that are selected for preservation

4. Hauled the excavated materials to the designated

5. Clearing shall extend one (1) meter beyond the toe

Simultaneously with the clearing and

This picture shows the removal of obstruction. Prior to

Excavation - consists of all the excavation

1. Right-of-way limits must be provided with

Unsuitable Excavation - is the removal

1.Conduct survey works on the existing

Common Excavation - refers to the

Rock Excavation - is the digging on the ground

Means of Excavating Rock

Surplus Excavation - are suitable

Structure Excavation - consists of the necessary

Types of Structure Excavation

• Dump Truck (10 cu.m.)

1.Prior to structure excavation, all

Please refer to Section 104.2, Material

1. Embankment from Excavation

For clay material : sheepsfoot roller shall be used

FDT is Field Density Test which is conducted on

Blue Tops are painted sticks placed along the

Please refer to Section 105.2, Material

Aggregate Sub base Course - refers to the

• Road Grader with Scrapper (GD511A-1)

Please refer to Item 200.2, Material

2. Provide blue-top of every 20 meters

The life and riding qualities of asphalt concrete

• Road Grader with Scrapper (GD511A-1)

The subbase/base materials shall be spread to the

Each layer shall be compacted to the full width.

Item 301 Bituminous Prime Coat

2. Apply the prime coat by using pressure distributor

3. Prime coat shall be left undisturbed for a period of

4. Extend the prime coat at least 30 cm. beyond the

5. Observed the time of penetration starting

Tack coat, as the name implies is intended only

Tack Coat consists of a light application of