 HIV is the virus, which attacks

the T-cells (CD-4 cells) in the

immune system. AIDS is the
syndrome, which appears in the
advanced stage of HIV infection.
 HIV is a retrovirus that infects
the vital organs and cells of the
human immune system.
HIV-1 HIV 2

This strain is found worldwide and This strain is found predominantly in

more common West Africa

This strain is more likely to progress This strain is likely to progress and
and worsen many of those infected remain life
long non progression. Progression is
lower

Average level of immune system Average level of immune system

activation are higher activation is lower

During progression HIV 1 has lower During progression CD4 counts are
CD4 counts than HIV 2 higher

Plasma viral load are higher Plasma viral load are lower
Scientist believe a virus similar
to HIV first occurred in some
population of chimpanzee and
monkeys in Africa.
Seven Stages of HIV life
cycle:
1.Binding
2.Fusion
3.Reverse transcription
4.Integration
5.Replication
6.Assembly
7.Budding
 Acute infection/Primary
infection
 Manifest after 2-6 months being
infected.
 Body-wide symptom

 Skin, mouth, genital symptoms

 Digestive symptoms

 Respiratory symptoms
  No specific symptoms

 Progression is 8-10 years

 Incubation is 6 months

 Persistent swelling of the Lymph Nodes.

 THE VIRUS CONTINOUS TO MULTIPLY AND
DESTROYS THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CAUSING
THESE SYMPTOMS:
 Fever
 Fatigue
 Diarrhea
 Weight loss
 Cough
 Swollen lymph nodes
 Shortness of breath
IF YOU DIDN’T RECEIVE A TREATMENT WHEN YOU
ARE DIAGNOSED WITH HIV THESE SYMPTOMS
WILL OCCUR:

 Fever
 Chronic Diarrhea
 Persistent white spots or unusual lesions on
your tongue in your mouth
 Skin rashes
 Weight loss
 Fatigue
 TUBERCULOSIS
 Leading cause of death among people with AIDS. TB and
AIDS are twin epidemic.
 SALMONELLOSIS
 A bacterial infection from contaminated food and water.
 Signs: severe diarrhea, fever chills and abd. pain.

 CYTOMEGALOVIRUS
 A herpes virus, transmitted in body fluids such as Saliva,
Blood, Urine, Semen, and Breast Milk.
 If immune system is weak the virus will resurface and cause
damage to the eyes, digestive tract, lungs and other organs
CRYOTOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
 A common infection of the CNS associated with HIV.
 Caused by a FUNGUS found in the soil.
CANDIDIASIS
 Called Oral Thrush, a thick, white coating in the
mucous membrane of the mouth, tongue, esophagus
or vagina.
 It can make painful eating and swallowing.
TAXOPLASMOSIS
 Caused by Taxoplasma gondii, a parasite spread by
the cats.
CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS
 Caused by intestinal parasite that is found in animals.
 Causes severe, chronic diarrea in people with AIDS.
 KAPOSI’S SARCOMA
 tumor in the blood vessels.
 Appears as pink, red or purple lesions on the skin
and mouth. It also affects internal organs,
DIGESTIVE TRACT and LUNGS.
 LYMPHOMAS
 originates from the white blood cells usually first
appears in your lymph nodes.
 Early sign is painless swelling of the lymph nodes in
the neck, armpit or groin.
DIAGNOSIS:
commonly diagnosed by testing the blood or saliva for
antibodies to the virus.
TEST TO DETERMINE STAGE OF HIV:
CD4 COUNT
 It is perform to know the count of the CD4 in our blood.
 Normal counts are 500-1000/µl of blood
 If your CD4 counts is less than 200 your HIV progressess to AIDS.

VIRAL LOAD
 This test use to measure the amount of virus in your blood.

DRUG RESISTANCE
 This determines whether the strain of HIV you have will be resistant to
certain Anti-HIV medications.
 Diarrhea R/T enteric pathogens or HIV
infection
 Deficient knowledge R/T means of preventing
HIV transmission.
 Social isolation R/T stigma of the dse.
 Risk for infection R/T to immunodeficiency
 Antiretroviral therapy
 combination of NNRTI and NRTI, also the Pis
 Start when the CD4 count is less than 500/µl
(microliter) of blood.
 Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)
 It disable a protein needed by HIV to make copies itself.
 Ex. Efavirenz (Sustiva), Etravirine(Intelence) and
Nevirapine(Viramune)
 Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)
 Faulty building blocks that HIV needs to make copies itself.
 Ex. Abacavir (Ziagen), and combination of Emtricitabine and
Tenofovir (Truvada), Lamivudine and Zidovudine (Combivir)
 Protease inhibitors (PIs)
 Disable PROTEASE , a protein that HIV needed to make copies of
itself.
 Ex. Atazanavir (Reyataz), Darunavir (Prezista), Fosamprenavir
(Lexiva), and Ritonavir (Norvir)
 Entry or Fusion inhibitors
 It blocks HIV’s entry into CD4 cells.
 Ex. Enfuvirtide (Fuzeon), and Maraviroc (Selzentry)
 Integrase inhibitors
 Raltegavir ( Isentress) works by disabling integrase, a protein that
HIV uses to insert its genetic material into CD4 cells.
 Supplement

 Fish oil
 helps to lower down cholesterol levels bec. Anti-HIV
drugs can increase cholesterol level.

 Whey protein
 Helps to increase wt. for HIV pt. also it reduces
diarrhea and increase CD4 counts.
 Use a new condom every time you have sex.
 Tell your sexual partners if you have HIV
 Use a clean needle.
 If you’re pregnant, get medical care right away.
 Consider male circumcision.