CHEMICAL REACTIONS

A chemical reaction is the

process of breaking of
chemical bonds in one or
more substances, and the
reforming of new bonds
to create new
substances.

When you make pizza,

which changes are
physical and which are
chemical changes?
The process of making pizza involves
some physical changes (like chopping
vegetables).
The processes used by yeast in the
dough or by the gas stove to bake the
pizza are chemical changes.
 EVIDENCE OF CHEMICAL
CHANGE
Four indicators of
chemical change
are:
1. Formation of new
gas
2. Formation of new
solid
3. Release of energy
(heat or light)
4. Color change
 REACTANTS AND
PRODUCTS
In chemical reactions, you start with
reactants that are combined to make
products.
• The reactants are the starting
substances.
• The products are the new
substances which result from
the chemical reaction.
In the reaction, methane (a natural gas) is burned
or combusted.
Some energy is added to get the reaction started.
REACTION SYMBOLS

The small symbols in the

parentheses (s, l, g, aq) next to each
chemical formula indicate the phase
of each substance in the reaction.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS
Antoine Lavoisier, established an important
principal based on his experiments with chemical
reactions.
He stated that the total mass of the products of a
reaction is equal to the total mass of the
reactants.
The law of conservation of mass holds true for
even a burning mass of wood.
LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

The combined mass of the

burning wood and oxygen is
converted into carbon dioxide
and water.
 CONSERVATION OF MASS
Lavoisier showed
that a closed system
must be used when
studying chemical
reactions.
When chemicals are
reacted in a closed
container, you can
show that the mass
before and after the
reaction is the same.
 HOW ARE REACTIONS WRITTEN?
When a chemical reaction is written
using chemical formulas and
symbols, it is called a chemical
equation.
NUMBERS IN EQUATIONS
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

An arrow is always included between reactants and products.

It means “to produce” or “to yield.”

to produce

Reactants Products

“Methane combines with oxygen gas to produce

carbon dioxide gas and water vapor.”
 Symbols used in Chemical Equation
There are other symbols used in writing a
chemical equations:
 BALANCING EQUATIONS
The law conservation of
mass is applied by
balancing the number
and type of atoms on
either side of the
equation.
 BALANCING EQUATIONS
Counting atoms is necessary to balance
an equation.
How many carbon atoms?

How many hydrogen atoms?

How many oxygen atoms?

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

A balanced chemical
equation has the same
number of each type of
atom on the product side
and the reactant side.
 SOLVING PROBLEMS
In this reaction, chalcocite (a mineral) reacts
with oxygen in the presence of heat. The
products are a type of copper oxide and
sulfur dioxide. Balance this equation:

Cu2S + O2 → Cu2O + SO2

SOLVING PROBLEMS

1. Looking for:
• …the coefficients for each molecule
2. Given
• … chemical formulas which show
types and no. of atoms
SOLVING PROBLEMS

3. Relationships
• Coefficients can be added in front of any
chemical formula in a chemical equation.
• When a coefficient is added in front of a
chemical formula, all atoms in that formula
are multiplied by that number.
• Use common denominators
to help choose coefficients to try.
SOLVING PROBLEMS

4. Solution- Trial and error

 Let us
practice
balancing
chemical
equations
Br2 + NaI  NaBr + I2
 The answer is
Br2 +2NaI  2NaBr + I2
C + H2 + O2 → CH3OH
 The answer is
2 C + 4 H2 + O2 → 2 CH3OH
 LET US OUR SHORT
EVALUATION
1. The number of moles of Oxygen
(O) present in 2.0 moles of Al(OH)3
is:
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 6
2. The following depicts the formation
of methanol (CH3OH)

What would be the skeleton equation for

this reaction?
A. C + Cl2 + O2 → CH3ClH
B. C + H2 + O2 → CH3OH
C. C2 + H2 + O2 → CH3OH
D. C + H + O → CH3OH
3. An arrow pointing upward (↑),
written after a formula of a substance
involved in a reaction, means that
A. heat is evolved
B. a precipitate is formed
C. a gas is evolved
D. the substance is dissolved in
water
4. BALANCE AND INDICATE THE
CORRECT COEFFICIENT FOR THE
UNDERLINED COMPONENT IN THE
EQUATION.

Sn(s) + Cl2(g) → SnCl4(s)

a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
5. What are the coefficients that will balance
the skeleton equation below?

AlCl3 + NaOH  Al(OH)3 + NaCl

A. 1,3,1,3 C. 3,1,3,1
B. 1,1,1,3 D. 1,3,3,1
 LET US OUR SHORT
EVALUATION
1. The number of moles of Oxygen (O) present in
2.0 moles of Al(OH)3 is:
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 6

Because there are 2.0 moles of Oxygen (O) already

present Al(OH)3 compound then multiplied by 3:
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 6
2. The following depicts the formation
of methanol (CH3OH)

What would be the skeleton equation for

this reaction?
A. C + Cl2 + O2 → CH3ClH
B. C + H2 + O2 → CH3OH
C. C2 + H2 + O2 → CH3OH
D. C + H + O → CH3OH
3. An arrow pointing upward (↑),
written after a formula of a substance
involved in a reaction, means that
A. heat is evolved
B. a precipitate is formed
C. a gas is evolved
D. the substance is dissolved in
water
4. BALANCE AND INDICATE THE
CORRECT COEFFICIENT FOR THE
UNDERLINED COMPONENT IN THE
EQUATION.

Sn(s) + Cl2(g) → SnCl4(s)

1 2 2 1 4
a. 1
b. 2
c. 3
d. 4
5. What are the coefficients that will balance
the skeleton equation below?

AlCl3 + NaOH  Al(OH)3 + NaCl

1 AlCl3 + 3 NaOH 1 Al(OH)3 + 3 NaCl

A. 1,3,1,3 C. 3,1,3,1
B. 1,1,1,3 D. 1,3,3,1