 Lava flow is a mass of magma that flows

down the slope of the volcano at a rate of 3

kilometers per day or 45 kilometers per hour.
The speed of a lava flow depends on the local
topography; steep slopes encourage faster
and longer flows than gentle slopes or
terrain. Lava flows can cause injuries and
burn structures and vegetation.
 Pyroclastic flow refers to hot dry masses of
fragmented volcanic materials that move along
the slope and in contact with ground surface at a
speed greater than 60 kilometers per hour. This
flows from a collapsed eruption column or lava
dome. On the other hand, pyroclastic surges are
turbulent low concentration density currents of
gases, rock debris and in some cases, water, that
move above the ground surface at high
velocities.
 Tephra falls are showers or fine to coarse-
grained volcanic eruption. The diameter of the
particles can be less than 2 millimeters, 2 to 64
millimeters, or greater than 64 millimeters. The
ash can be reach distant places since it is carried
by the wind. The ash form the Mt. Pinatubo
eruption reached as far as Vietnam. Tephra falls
can cause pollution, health problems, poor
visibility, and disruption of electricity and
communication lines.
 Ballistic projectiles are rocks that are released
into the air by an erupting volcano. These
land within 2 kilometers of the vent but can
travel as far as 5 kilometers or further if the
eruption is very explosive.
 Volcanic gas is one of the basic components of
magma or lava. Active and inactive volcanoes
may release gases to the atmosphere in the
form of water vapor, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride.
Hydrogen chloride and hydrogen fluoride are
released by volcanic activity and dissolved in
water vapor droplets in steam clouds. This
creates acid rains that can harm plants, marine
life, and infrastructures.
 Lahar is flowing mixture of volcanic debris and water. It is
classified into two: the primary or hot lahar that is
associated directly with volcanic eruption and the
secondary or cold lahar caused by heavy rainfall. Lahar
can destroy and bury structures and communities, just like
what happened after the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. On
October 1, 1995, typhoon rains cause lahar that was
formed from 50 million cubic meters of volcanic debris.
These buried Cabalantian, one of the barangays in
Pampanga which had initially escaped lahar that had
affected other areas since the eruption. In six hours, 2,300
houses, 500 vehicles, and countless people were buried.