Chapter 3 SLOs

Dynamics
 3.1.1 describe the concept of force
with its S.I unit
• Force is an agent which changes or tends to
change the state of rest or of uniform motion of
a body."
• In the light of Newton's 2nd law of motion
Force may be defined as :"Force acting on a body
is equal to the product of the mass and
acceleration produced in the body."
• i.e. F = ma
• Force can accelerate or decelerate a body.
Force is a vector quantity.
 3.1.1 describe the concept of force
with its S.I unit
• UNITS OF FORCE
• (i) NEWTON (N) in S.I system
(ii) DYNE in C.G.S system
(iii) POUND (Lb) in BRITISH ENGINEERING
SYSTEM
• Newton is the unit of force and can be
defined as: "The amount of force that
produces an acceleration of 1 m/s2 in a body
of mass 1-kg is equal to 1 NEWTON."
• 1 N = 1 kg x 1m/s2
 3.1.2 differentiate among different
forces
• Contact Forces non contact Forces
Frictional Force Gravitational Force
Tension Force Electrical Force
Normal Force Magnetic Force
Air Resistance Force
Applied Force
Spring Force
3.1.3 the concept of force by examples
of daily life
• A football is kicked harder. It moves faster later after some time its
force decreases due to friction.
• A moving bike stops when brakes are applied.
• Attractive forces between the bodies in universe
• Gravitational force attracting the ball moving up.
• A bull is pulling the cart due with force.
• Two team of the players are pulling with enough force the rope in a
tug of war game.
• A man pulls the door of the room.
• A boy put his drawing paper by inserting a board pin with it on the
notice board.
• Squeezing of wet clothes to make it dry.
• A glass rod is rubbed with silk so that it attracts the tiny parts of the
paper towards itself. It is the example of action at a distance force.
 3.2.1 define momentum
• MOMENTUM
• Quantity of motion of a body is referred to
as "MOMENTUM".
• Momentum of a moving body defined as
:"the product of mass and velocity of a body is
called MOMENTUM."
• Mathematically Momentum = mass x
velocity
• It is a vector quantity.
• Momentum is always directed in the direction
of velocity.
• The unit of momentum is in S.I system kg .m/s
or NS.
• Momentum depends upon mass and velocity
of body.
3.2.2 solve problems related to force
and momentum
3.2.3 state the law of conservation of
momentum
• "the total momentum of an isolated
system of interacting bodies remains
constant.“
• "Total momentum of an isolated
system before collision is always
equal to total momentum after
collision."
3.2.4 differentiate between elastic and
inelastic collision
The primary difference between, elastic and
inelastic collisions is, in elastic collision,
kinetic energy is conserved and in inelastic
collisions (stick together), kinetic energy is
not conserved. But in both elastic and
inelastic collisions, momentum is conserved.
3.2.5 apply the principle of conservation of momentum
in the elastic collision of two objects;
 3.2.7 explain safety features by using
the idea of momentum

force felt= change in momentum/time

If the time taken for momentum to change is increased, the overall force felt is
decreased.
Crumple zones in cars increase the time it takes for the cars momentum to reach zero,
meaning passengers feel less of the force. Air bags do the same thing; increasing the
time till momentum of a body reaches zero reduces the force felt.
To understand if you jump with you
knees locked you can feel more of the
force. If when you hit the ground you
bend your knees the landing is softer
as you feel less force. This happens
because when you finish by bending
your knees you take more time to
reach zero momentum therefore
reducing the force felt.
3.3.1 describe balance and unbalance
forces
 3.3.2 state Newton’s laws of motion
and inertia
• Every body remains at rest or continues to
move with uniform velocity in straight line
unless an unbalanced force acts upon it
Every body in the universe opposes the force which
tends to change its state of rest or of uniform motion.
This property INERTIA is a direct result of FIRST LAW OF
MOTION.

By the above explanation of INERTIA we conclude that

the state of rest or motion does not change by its self
unless an external force acts upon it, which is according
to the FIRST LAW OF MOTION.

Thus the FIRST LAW OF MOTION is also called LAW OF

INERTIA.
 INERTIA
Inertia is the tendency of a body to resist
a change in its state.
• Cover a glass with a post card and place a coin on it. Now
strike the post card swiftly with the nail of your finger. If the
stroke has been made correctly, the postcard will be
thrown away and the coin will drop in the glass.
• If a moving bus stops suddenly, the passenger standing in it
feels a jerk in the forward direction. As a result he may fall.
It is due to the fact that the lower part of the standing
passengers comes to rest as the bus stops. But the upper
portion remains in motion due to inertia.
3.3.3 distinguish between mass and
weight
3.3.5 derive the expression for the tension and acceleration in a
string during motion of bodies
 3.3.6 discuss the result while you are
sitting inside a bus when the bus
• On sudden stoppage, the lower part of the body comes
to rest as it is in contact with the bus, while the upper
body tends to continue its forward motion and thus a
jerk is experienced in forward due to inertia.
• On sudden motion, the lower part of the body comes
to motion as it is in contact with the bus, while the
upper body tends to continue its rest state and thus a
jerk is experienced in backward due to inertia.
• As the car begins to take the turn to the right, as the
result you are sliding to the left. In actuality, the car is
beginning its turning motion (to the right) while due to
inertia we continue our motion in a straight line path
3.4.1 explain the importance of friction on the motion
of a vehicle in the context of type of surface, road
conditions including skidding and braking force
• Braking distance
Braking distance is the distance covered by the
car while the brakes are being applied. Don't
know what to write in this one. maybe if the
breaking distance is more, than the friction is
lesser compared to a shorter braking
distance?
• Thinking distance

Thinking distance is the distance covered by

the moving body, during which
the driver decides to apply the brake. It is also
known as the reaction distance
• Stopping distance

• This distance includes the thinking distance as

well as the braking distance.
• Tire surface
If the surface of the tire is smooth, there
would be less friction, as a rough surface
always increases friction. Usually old and worn
out tires have smooth surface, which results in
a longer distance covered when applying the
brakes. Furthermore, if there are treads or
tracks on the tire surface, there would be
more friction.
• Road Conditions
If the road is wet or slippery, there would be
less friction. On the other hand, there would
be more friction on a dry road.
3.4.2 demonstrate that rolling friction
is much lesser than sliding friction
Rolling friction is the resistance to motion
experienced by a body when it rolls upon
another. It is much less than sliding
friction for same pair of bodies. When one
body rolls upon another, there is theoretically
no sliding or slip between them. And if both
are perfectly rigid, there is no sliding surface
of contact.
3.4.3 list various methods to reduce
friction
1. The various parts of the machines that are
moving over one another are properly lubricated.
2. In machines, the sliding of various parts is
usually replaced by rolling. This id done by using
ball bearings.
3. Where sliding is unavoidable, a thick layer of
greasing material is used between the sliding
surfaces.
4. The front of the fast moving objects, e.g. cars,
aero planes are made oblong to decrease air
friction.
 3.5.1 define centripetal force
• Centripetal force is defined as the
force necessary to move a body in a
circular path and is always directed
towards the centre of the circular
path.
OR
• When a body moves in a circular path
with uniform velocity, it experiences
a force, directed along the radius
towards the centre of the circle. This
force is called CENTRIPETAL FORCE.
 Mathematical formula
Centripetal force depends upon the mass of
body, velocity of body and the radius of
circular path.
 Centripetal acceleration
When a body moves around a circle with constant speed, the
direction of its velocity continuously changes. Due to change in
direction, its velocity changes. A changing velocity imparts an
acceleration in the body. The direction of this acceleration is always
towards the centre of circle. This acceleration is known
as "CENTRIPETAL ACCELERATION".

According to 2nd law of motion Fc = mac ..........(1)

but
Fc = mv2 / r ........(2)
From (1) and (2)
we get
mac = mv2 /r
or
ac = v2/r
3.5.3 calculate centripetal force on a
body moving in a circle using mv2/ r.