Networking Fundamentals Final 1

By:
Cyber Security Trainer

Cyberops Infosec LLP
info@cyberops.in
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Cyberops Infosec
NETWORKING FUNDAMENTALS
Session Flow
• What is network ?
• Type of Networks
• Intranet V/s Internet
• Need of Networking
• OSI V/s TCP/IP Model
• Network Devices
• Medium Access Control (MAC) Address
• Internet Protocol (IP) Address
• IP Address assignment
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Network Introduction
Network is a collection of interconnected
devices in a way so that they can
communicate with each other.
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Computer Network
Networking is defined as a method of
connecting devices such that they can
communicate or interchange data.
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Types of Network
There are three types of network
• LAN (Local Area Network)
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• WAN (Wide Area Network)
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Local Area Network

A LAN connects network devices in a short distance area like:
Office, Schools, Home etc..

Or
Simply it can cover area like: a single floor or a building.
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Local Area Network

For connecting devices in LAN
• Wi-Fi (Wireless Connection): Called as WLAN
• Coaxial Cable
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Local Area Network Devices
Modem
Modem is a device that modulates an

analog carrier signal, and also demodulates
such a carrier signal to decode
the received information.
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Switches/Hubs
A network switch or switching hub

is a computer networking device
that connects network segments.
Connect different systems or
devices to router.
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Routers
A router is a device that forwards

data packets between computer
networks in its own path it
is destined to. Routes the
packet from source to destination.
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Network Device Assembling
Out Side World
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Metropolitan Area Network
• MAN can establish the communication between two or more LANs.
• Mainly used for connecting different branches of an Organization, Office in a city.
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Metropolitan Area Network
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Wide Area Network
• WAN covers a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country.
• It connects multiple smaller networks like LAN, MAN or Individual Systems.
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Wide Area Network
LAN
host
LAN
host
MAN
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Need of Networking
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Need of Networking
• File Sharing
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Need of Networking
• Hardware Sharing
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Need of Networking
• Application Sharing
125.223.12.23
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Need of Networking
• Network Gaming
GAMERS
NETWORK
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Need of Networking
• Communication
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OSI vs TCP/IP Model

• OSI and TCP/IP models are reference model for how applications can communicate over a
network.
• A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.
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OSI vs TCP/IP Model

• OSI : Open System Interconnection
• Created by International Standards Organization (ISO).
• Each layer has specific functions it is responsible for.
• There are seven layers defined in OSI model.
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Cyberops Infosec
OSI vs TCP/IP Model

OSI Model Layers TCP/IP Model Layers
Application Layer
Presentation Layer Application Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer Transport Layer
Network Layer Internet Layer
Data Link Layer

Network Access Layer
Physical Layer
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Cyberops Infosec
OSI vs TCP/IP Model
• OSI model is a standard model whereas TCP/IP model is practically being used.
• Unlike OSI model, TCP/IP model has only 4 working layers.
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OSI vs TCP/IP Model

DATA LAYER FUNCTIONS
Network Process to
DATA Application Application
Data Representation
DATA Presentation and Encryption
Interhost
DATA Session Communication
End-To-End Connections
SEGMENTS Transport And Reliability
Path Determination and

PACKETS Network IP (Logical Addressing)
MAC and LLC

FRAMS Data (Physical Addressing)
Media, Signal, and

BITS Physical Binary Transmission
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OSI vs TCP/IP Model
Application Layer:
• The TCP/IP specifications described a lot of applications that were at the top of the
protocol stack. Some of them were TELNET, FTP, SMTP, DNS etc
• Simply your browsers like Mozilla, opera, chrome etc comes in this protocol. HTTP and
HTTPS are most commonly used protocols in browsers.
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OSI vs TCP/IP Model
Internet Layer:
• Packages data into IP datagrams, which contain source and destination address
information that is used to forward the datagrams between hosts and across networks.
Performs routing of IP datagrams.
• Example:
IP, ICMP, IGMP, ARP, RARP
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Cyberops Infosec
OSI vs TCP/IP Model
Network Interface:
• Specifies details of how data is physically sent through the network, including how bits
are electrically signaled by hardware devices that interface directly with a network
medium, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber, or twisted-pair copper wire
• Example:
Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, X.25, Frame Relay, RS-232, v.35
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Network Device
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Medium Access Control (MAC)
• Unique hardware address of network devices.

• Represented in hexadecimal form.
• Contains 6 groups of two hexadecimal digits (0-9,A,B,C,D,E,F), separated either by colons (:)
or hyphens (-).
• One system can have more then one MAC address. Depends on how many network interface
your system has. Like: Ethernet, Wi-Fi …
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• Typical example format of MAC address is:

08:A0:1B:00:12:0D
OR
08-A0-1B-00-12-0D
• There are special MAC addresses, one for example is ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff , Used for Broadcasting.
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Getting MAC Address:

in Windows OS:
Open command prompt and type:
ipconfig /all
in Linux OS:
Open terminal and type:
ifconfig -a
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Internet Protocol (IP)

• It’s a logical and unique identity address of a system.
• A system in a network always contains IP address.
• Format of IP address depends on its version.
IPv4 Format :
x.x.x.x
IPv6 Format:
x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x
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• How IP address assigns:
• Static IP address Allocation
• Dynamic IP Address Allocation
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• Static IP
Time IP Address
10:00 – 12:00 192.168.0.2
13:00 – 15:00 192.168.0.2
15:00 – 20:00 192.168.0.2
22:00 – 01:00 192.168.0.2
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• Dynamic IP
Time IP Address
10:00 – 12:00 192.168.0.2
13:00 – 15:00 192.168.0.12
15:00 – 20:00 192.168.0.22
22:00 – 01:00 192.168.0.32
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Type of IP address:
• Private IP address
• Public IP address
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• A Valid IPv4 address range is:
0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255
• Private IP Address Ranges are:
10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255
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Private IP
192.168.0.2
172.16.0.2
10.0.0.0
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Public IP
123.145.12.32
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LAN
Private IP.:192.168.1.5
Public IP: 116.102.112.13
Out Side World
Private IP.:192.168.1.1
Public IP: 116.102.112.13
Private IP.:192.168.1.3
Public IP: 116.102.112.13
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Cyberops Infosec

• Actually this public IP address is assigned to only router.
• Requests originated from hosts, goes to outside world through router.
• Outside world can only have host’s Public IP address.
• In a private network systems connect to each other via private IP address.
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• Getting Private IP address: Windows OS
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• Getting Private IP address: Linux OS
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• Getting Public IP
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Networking Fundamentals Final 1

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By:

Cyber Security Trainer

connecting devices such that they can

communicate or interchange data.

• LAN (Local Area Network)

• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

• WAN (Wide Area Network)

Local Area Network

Office, Schools, Home etc..

Local Area Network

• Wi-Fi (Wireless Connection): Called as WLAN

Local Area Network Devices

Modem is a device that modulates an

Local Area Network Devices

A network switch or switching hub

Local Area Network Devices

A router is a device that forwards

Network Device Assembling

Out Side World

Metropolitan Area Network

• MAN can establish the communication between two or more LANs.

• Mainly used for connecting different branches of an Organization, Office in a city.

Metropolitan Area Network

Wide Area Network

• WAN covers a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country.

• It connects multiple smaller networks like LAN, MAN or Individual Systems.

Wide Area Network

OSI vs TCP/IP Model

• A reference model is a conceptual framework for understanding relationships.

OSI vs TCP/IP Model

OSI vs TCP/IP Model

Presentation Layer Application Layer

Transport Layer Transport Layer

Network Layer Internet Layer

Data Link Layer

OSI vs TCP/IP Model

• Unlike OSI model, TCP/IP model has only 4 working layers.

OSI vs TCP/IP Model

Path Determination and

MAC and LLC

Media, Signal, and

OSI vs TCP/IP Model

OSI vs TCP/IP Model

OSI vs TCP/IP Model

Medium Access Control (MAC)

• Unique hardware address of network devices.

Medium Access Control (MAC)

• Typical example format of MAC address is:

Medium Access Control (MAC)

Getting MAC Address:

Internet Protocol (IP)

• A system in a network always contains IP address.

• Format of IP address depends on its version.

Internet Protocol (IP)

• Static IP address Allocation

• Dynamic IP Address Allocation

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Protocol (IP)

• Private IP Address Ranges are:

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet Protocol (IP)