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Manual Publication of American Psychological Associations

INTEGRATE
 C I I
CI I
 First, ethical standards Second, elevate
prevent against the
fabrication or and secure the
falsifying of data. confidentiality
and anonymity
of the subjects

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

 Third, help to Fourth,
ensure that
protect the
researchers can
be held use of
accountable to Human
the public. Subjects.

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

 Research Ethics Policies (Agencies)

 1. Institutional  3. Social
Review Board (IRB) Sciences and
 2. International Behavioral
Association of Research (SSBA)
Business
 4. Public Health
Communicators
(IABC) Research Surveillance
Foundation Research (PHSR)

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Issues Related To Ethics In Scientific Writing
I. PLAGIARISM
- the
most common form of scientific misconduct, is defined as
the appropriation of another person's ideas, processes, results or
words without giving appropriate credit. (Fisher & Zigmond)
II. AUTHORSHIP
– is reserved for people who make a primary contribution to and
hold primary responsibility for the data, concepts, and
interpretation of results for a published work (Hut, 1987)

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

Section 217 of RA 8293,Part IV “The Law on Copyright”
 “Any person infringing any right secured by provisions of
Part IV of this Act or aiding or abetting such infringement
shall be guilty of a crime punishable by:
“(a) Imprisonment of one (1) year to three (3) years plus a fine ranging from
Fifty Thousand Pesos (P50,000) to One Hundred Fifty Thousand pesos (P150,000) for
the first offense;”
“(b) Imprisonment of three (3) years and one (1) day to six (6) years plus a fine
ranging from One Hundred Fifty Thousand Pesos (P150,000) to Five Hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000) for the second offense;”
“c) Imprisonment of six (6) years and one (1) day to nine (9) years plus a fine
ranging from Five Hundred Thousand Pesos (P500,000) to one million five hundred
thousand pesos (P1,500,000) for the third and subsequent offenses”.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8293, known as the “INTELLECTUAL
PROPERTY CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES” Chapter X, MORAL
RIGHTS

 The Philippines IP Code on Copyright affirms the moral rights of an author as

related to an author’s copyright Moral Rights, distinct from economic rights,
must be recognized and upheld .
 Researchers must comply with copyright law and as potential authors should
likewise be cognizant of others’ moral rights.
 “To require that the authorship of the works be attributed to him, in
particular, the right that his name, as far as practicable, be indicated in a
prominent way on the copies, and in connection with the public use of his
work.”
 Different Forms Of Plagiarism
 1. Intentional 2. Self Plagiarism 

Plagiarism  - Also known as text

-in which one recycling. The author
knowingly lifts text copies large parts of
directly from other one of his or her
authors without giving previous papers word-
appropriate credit. for-word.

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

 Several Different Forms Of Plagiarism
 3. Duplicate Publication

- a form of plagiarism that occurs

when an author submits for publication
a previously-published work as if it were
original.
 4. Paraphrasing Plagiarism
- researcher only moved the original
author's words around, while summarizing
the main ideas.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
Paraphrase

-a restatement of a text, passage

or work giving the meaning in
another form
Original Source Material Plagiarism or Paraphrasing?
PLAGIARISM
Developing complex skills in the  The same factors apply to developing
classroom involves the key ingredients
identified in teaching pigeons to play ping- complex skills in a classroom setting as
pong . The key ingredients are: (1) inducing to developing complex skills. A response
a response, (2) reinforcing subtle must be induced, then reinforced as it
improvements or refinements in the
behavior, (3) providing for the transfer of gets closer to the desired behaviour.
stimulus control by gradually withdrawing Reinforcers have to be scheduled
the prompts or cues, and (4) scheduling carefully, and cues have to be withdrawn
reinforcements so that the ratio of
reinforcements in responses gradually gradually so that the new behaviours can
increases and natural reinforcers can be transferred and maintained.
maintain their behavior.
RESEARCHER’S TEXT
 Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and
instruction: Theory into practice (4th
ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-
Hall.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
 ORIGINAL SOURCE MATERIAL
Developing complex skills in the
classroom involves the key ingredients
identified in teaching pigeons to play
ping-pong and to bowl. The key
ingredients are: (1) inducing a
response, (2) reinforcing subtle
improvements or refinements in the
behavior, (3) providing for the transfer
of stimulus control by gradually
withdrawing the prompts or cues, and
(4) scheduling reinforcements so that
the ratio of reinforcements in
responses gradually increases and
natural reinforcers can maintain their
behavior.
 Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and
instruction: Theory into practice (4th
ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-
Hall.
CORRECT VERSION:
Paraphrase
 According to Gredler (2001), the same factors apply
to developing complex skills in a classroom setting as
to developing complex skills in any setting. A
response must be induced, then reinforced as it gets
closer to the desired behavior. Reinforcers have to be
scheduled carefully, and cues have to be withdrawn
gradually so that the new behaviors can be
transferred and maintained.
Reference:
Gredler, M. E. (2001). Learning and instruction:
Theory into practice (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice-Hall.
RESEARCHER’S TEXT
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Associations
Passage as It Appears in the Source
 Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of roles. In this open heart surgery unit,
the nurse manager hires and fires the nursing personnel. The nurse manager does not
directly care for patients but follows the progress of unusual or long-term patients. On
each shift a nurse assumes the role of resource nurse. This person oversees the hour-
by-hour functioning of the unit as a whole, such as considering expected admissions
and discharges of patients, ascertaining that beds are available for patients in the
operating room, and covering sick calls. Resource nurses also take a patient
assignment. They are the most experienced of all the staff nurses. The nurse clinician
has a separate job description and provides for quality of care by orienting new staff,
developing unit policies, and providing direct support where needed, such as assisting
in emergency situations. The clinical nurse specialist in this unit is mostly involved
with formal teaching in orienting new staff. The nurse manager, nurse clinician, and
clinical nurse specialist are the designated experts. They do not take patient
assignments. The resource nurse is seen as both a caregiver and a resource to other
caregivers. . . . Staff nurses have a hierarchy of seniority. . . . Staff nurses are
assigned to patients to provide all their nursing care. (Chase, 1995, p. 156)
Chase, S. K. (1995). The social context of critical care clinical judgment. Heart and Lung, 24,
154-162.
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
 Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of
roles. In this open heart surgery unit, the nurse
manager hires and fires the nursing personnel. The
nurse manager does not directly care for patients
but follows the progress of unusual or long-term
patients. On each shift a nurse assumes the role of
resource nurse. This person oversees the hour-by-
hour functioning of the unit as a whole, such as
considering expected admissions and discharges of
patients, ascertaining that beds are available for
patients in the operating room, and covering sick
calls. Resource nurses also take a patient
assignment. They are the most experienced of all
the staff nurses. The nurse clinician has a separate
job description and provides for quality of care by
orienting new staff, developing unit policies, and
providing direct support where needed, such as
assisting in emergency situations. The clinical
nurse specialist in this unit is mostly involved with
formal teaching in orienting new staff. The nurse
manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse
specialist are the designated experts. They do not
take patient assignments. The resource nurse is
seen as both a caregiver and a resource to other
caregivers. . . . Staff nurses have a hierarchy of
seniority. . . . Staff nurses are assigned to patients
to provide all their nursing care. (Chase, 1995, p.
156)
 WORD-FOR-WORD PLAGIARISM
Manual Publication of American Psychological Associations
 Critical care nurses have a hierarchy of
roles. The nurse manager hires and fires
nurses. S/he does not directly care for
patients but does follow unusual or long-
term cases. On each shift a resource nurse
attends to the functioning of the unit as a
whole, such as making sure beds are
available in the operating room, and also
has a patient assignment. The nurse
clinician orients new staff, develops
policies, and provides support where
needed. The clinical nurse specialist also
orients new staff, mostly by formal
teaching. The nurse manager, nurse
clinician, and clinical nurse specialist, as
the designated experts, do not take
patient assignments. The resource nurse is
not only a caregiver but a resource to the
other caregivers. Within the staff nurses
there is also a hierarchy of seniority. Their
job is to give assigned patients all their
nursing care. RESEARCHER’S TEXT
 Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of
roles. In this open heart surgery unit, the nurse
manager hires and fires the nursing personnel.
The nurse manager does not directly care for
patients but follows the progress of unusual or
long-term patients. On each shift a nurse
assumes the role of resource nurse. This person
oversees the hour-by-hour functioning of the
unit as a whole, such as considering expected
admissions and discharges of patients,
ascertaining that beds are available for patients
in the operating room, and covering sick calls.
Resource nurses also take a patient assignment.
They are the most experienced of all the staff
nurses. The nurse clinician has a separate job
description and provides for quality of care by
orienting new staff, developing unit policies,
and providing direct support where needed,
such as assisting in emergency situations. The
clinical nurse specialist in this unit is mostly
involved with formal teaching in orienting new
staff. The nurse manager, nurse clinician, and
clinical nurse specialist are the designated
experts. They do not take patient assignments.
The resource nurse is seen as both a caregiver
and a resource to other caregivers. . . . Staff
nurses have a hierarchy of seniority. . . . Staff
nurses are assigned to patients to provide all
their nursing care. (Chase, 1995, p. 156)
 Chase (1995) describes how nurses in a
critical care unit function in a hierarchy that
places designated experts at the top and the
least senior staff nurses at the bottom. The
experts — the nurse manager, nurse
clinician, and clinical nurse specialist — are
not involved directly in patient care. The
staff nurses, in contrast, are assigned to
patients and provide all their nursing care.
Within the staff nurses is a hierarchy of
seniority in which the most senior can
become resource nurses: they are assigned a
patient but also serve as a resource to other
caregivers. The experts have administrative
and teaching tasks such as selecting and
orienting new staff, developing unit policies,
and giving hands-on support where needed.
RESEARCHER’S TEXT
 PATCHWORK PARAPHRASE
Manual Publication of American Psychological Associations
 PATCHWORK PARAPHRASE

Chase (1995) describes how nurses in a critical care unit function

in a hierarchy that places designated experts at the top and the
least senior staff nurses at the bottom. The experts — the nurse
manager, nurse clinician, and clinical nurse specialist — are not
involved directly in patient care. The staff nurses, in contrast, are
assigned to patients and provide all their nursing care. Within the
staff nurses is a hierarchy of seniority in which the most senior
can become resource nurses: they are assigned a patient but also
serve as a resource to other caregivers. The experts have
administrative and teaching tasks such as selecting and orienting
new staff, developing unit policies, and giving hands-on support
where needed.
Manual Publication of American Psychological Associations
 Critical care nurses function in a hierarchy of
roles. In this open heart surgery unit, the nurse
manager hires and fires the nursing personnel.
The nurse manager does not directly care for
patients but follows the progress of unusual or
long-term patients. On each shift a nurse
assumes the role of resource nurse. This person
oversees the hour-by-hour functioning of the
unit as a whole, such as considering expected
admissions and discharges of patients,
ascertaining that beds are available for patients
in the operating room, and covering sick calls.
Resource nurses also take a patient assignment.
They are the most experienced of all the staff
nurses. The nurse clinician has a separate job
description and provides for quality of care by
orienting new staff, developing unit policies,
and providing direct support where needed,
such as assisting in emergency situations. The
clinical nurse specialist in this unit is mostly
involved with formal teaching in orienting new
staff. The nurse manager, nurse clinician, and
clinical nurse specialist are the designated
experts. They do not take patient assignments.
The resource nurse is seen as both a caregiver
and a resource to other caregivers. . . . Staff
nurses have a hierarchy of seniority. . . . Staff
nurses are assigned to patients to provide all
their nursing care. (Chase, 1995, p. 156)
Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association
 In her study of the roles of nurses in a critical
care unit, Chase (1995) also found a hierarchy
that distinguished the roles of experts and
others. Just as the educational experts described
above do not directly teach students, the experts
in this unit do not directly attend to patients.
That is the role of the staff nurses, who, like
teachers, have their own “hierarchy of seniority”
(p. 156). The roles of the experts include
employing unit nurses and overseeing the care of
special patients (nurse manager), teaching and
otherwise integrating new personnel into the
unit (clinical nurse specialist and nurse
clinician), and policy-making (nurse clinician). In
an intermediate position in the hierarchy is the
resource nurse, a staff nurse with more
experience than the others, who assumes direct
care of patients as the other staff nurses do, but
also takes on tasks to ensure the smooth
operation of the entire facility.
 RESEARCHER’S TEXT
LEGITIMATE PARAPHRASE
 STATEMENT/S

YES NO

IS IT YOUR OWN IDEA? ARE YOU USING QUOTATION MARK OR

PLACING IT IN BLOCK QUOTE?

WHAT’S NEXT

ADD CITATION AND BIBLIOGRAPHY

 BE HAPPY
 3.PLAGIARISM DETECTION
 1. Always provide a SOFTWARE ( PDS)
citation /  also known as PLUG SCAN
acknowledge the
author by writing his  –detects plagiarism in
name. documents submitted by
researcher.
 2. In copying words
or phrase enclose
quotation marks.
 Several Forms of Authorship Abuse
1. Coercion Authorship  Honorary, guest
2.

 -where intimidation or Gift

is used to gain Authorship
authorship.
 - is awarded to
acknowledge
friendship, to gain
favor, and/or to give
the paper a greater
sense of legitimacy.
Several forms of Authorship Abuse
 3. Mutual
Support  4. Ghost
Authorship Authorship
 - whereby two or  - where papers
more investigators are written by
place their names people who are
on each other's not included as
papers to enhance authors.
their perceived
productivity.
 Several Forms of Authorship Abuse

 5 . Denial of Authorship
- where a work is published
without providing authorship or
acknowledgement to people who
made substantial contributions to
the work.

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association

 Another authorship issue
 Authorship Order Issue
3.“Contributing
1. First author, or “primary
author”, is the person who authors’” appear
conducted most of the work between the primary
described in the paper, and is
usually the person who and senior authors, and
drafted the manuscript. the order should reflect
2. “Senior author” is usually
the last person named, and is their relative
generally the person who contribution to the
directed or oversaw the
project. Senior authors are work.
often expected to take
responsibility for the project
as a whole.
Publication Manual of American Psychological Association
HOW TO REDUCE THE INCIDENCE OF AUTHORSHIP PROBLEMS

1. Encourage a culture of ethical authorship

2. Start discussing Authorship
3. Decide authorship before the start of each
article