LEAD, EMPOWER, AND ACHIEVE THROUGH DATA-DRIVEN DECISIONS

…where LEADers create great schools

Senior High School Applied Subject:

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
Session 1A:

The Nature of Inquiry and

Research
 works with a unbiased; all
system or angles presented
method

Research is a systematic and objective

creation of knowledge.
a creative
Defining process

Research
 Helps solve recurring, long-term real-
life problems, not emergencies.

Provides data for better understanding

of real-life concerns and issues,
individual or group (community,
national, international).

Why DO Makes recommendations to improve

RESEARCH? existing situations or realities.
 Creswell
- Is a type of research that
endeavors to explain
phenomena by collecting
numerical data that are
analyzed using
Quantitative mathematically based
Research?
methods (statistics)
 Characteristics:

1.OBJECTIVE. Quantitative research seeks accurate

measurement and analysis of target concepts. It is
not based on mere intuition and guesses. Data are
gathered before proposing a conclusion or solution to
a problem.
2. CLEARLY DEFINED RESEARCH QUESTIONS. The
researchers know in advance what they are looking
for. The research questions are well-defined for
which objective answers are sought. All aspects of
Quantitativ the study are carefully designed before data are
gathered.
e Research
 Characteristics:

3. STRUCTURED RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS.

Standardized instruments guide data collection, thus,
ensuring the accuracy, reliability and validity of data.
Data are normally gathered using structured
research tools such as questionnaires to collect
measurable characteristics of the population like age,
socio-economic status, number of children, among
others.
4.NUMERICAL DATA. Figures, tables or graphs
showcase summarized data collection in order to
Quantitativ show trends, relationships or differences among
e Research variables. In sum, the charts and tables allow you to
see the evidence collected.
 Characteristics:

5.LARGE SAMPLE SIZES. To arrive at a more reliable

data analysis, a normal population distribution curve
is preferred. This requires a large sample size,
depending on how the characteristics of the
population vary. Random sampling is recommended
in determining the sample size to avoid researcher’s
bias in interpreting the results.
6. REPLICATION. Quantitative methods can be
repeated to verify findings in another setting, thus
strengthen and reinforcing validity of findings
Quantitativ eliminating the possibility of spurious conclusions.

e Research
 Characteristics:

7.FUTURE OUTCOMES. By using complex

mathematical calculations and with the aid of
computers, if-then scenarios may be formulated thus
predicting future results. Quantitative research puts
emphasis on proof, rather than discovery.

Quantitativ
e Research
Quantitative Research Designs

Manipulating
Studying Correla Experi conditions and
relationships tional mental studying effects

Describing Causal- Comparing known

Descrip
characteristics compara groups to determine
tive
tive
causality
ACTIVITY ONE • Internet availability at home and student’s
Determine the average sleeping time at night
• Social media involvement and practices of
design Grade 12 GAS students
• The effect of local packaging material on
the shelf life of a product.
• The marketability of an innovative
product to SHS students.
• Relationship between Math and Science
Performance

As a group, decide on a researchable topic leading to a quantitative

research suited to the level of SHS students.
Quantitive Research
Its STRENGTHS and
WEAKNESSES
Strengths
 It is objective. The most reliable and
valid way of concluding results,
giving way to a new hypothesis or to
disproving it. Because of bigger
number of the sample of a
population, the results or
generalizations are more reliable
and valid. Since it provides
numerical data, it can’t be easily
misinterpreted.
 The use of statistical techniques
facilitates sophisticated analyses
and allows you to comprehend a
huge amount of vital
characteristics of data.
 It is real and unbiased. If the
research is properly designed it
filters out external factors, and
so can be seen as real and
unbiased.
Quantitive Research
Its STRENGTHS and
WEAKNESSES

Strengths  Quantitative studies are

 The numerical data can be
analyzed in a quick and easy way.
By employing statistically valid
random models, findings can be
generalized to the population
about which information is
necessary.
replicable. Standardized
approaches allow the study to be
replicated in different areas or
over time with formulation of
comparable findings.
Quantitive Research
Its STRENGTHS and
WEAKNESSES

Strengths
 Quantitative experiments are
useful for testing the results
gained by a series of qualitative
experiments, leading to a final
answer, and narrowing down of
possible directions to follow
Quantitive Research
Its STRENGTHS and
WEAKNESSES
Weaknesses
 Quantitative research requires a
large number of respondents. It is
assumed that the larger the
sample is, the more statistically
accurate the findings are.
 It is costly. Since, there are more
respondents compared to
qualitative research, the
expenses will be greater in
reaching out to these people and
in reproducing questionnaires.
Quantitive Research
Its STRENGTHS and
WEAKNESSES

Weaknesses  Much information are difficult to

 The information is contextual
factors to help interpret the
results or to explain variations
are usually ignored. It does not
consider the distinct capacity of
the respondents to share and
elaborate further information
unlike the qualitative research.
gather using structured research
instruments, specifically on
sensitive issues like pre-marital
sex, domestic violence, among
others.
Quantitive Research
Its STRENGTHS and
WEAKNESSES

Weaknesses
If not done seriously and
correctly, data from questionnaires
may be incomplete and inaccurate.
Researchers must be on the look-
out on respondents who are just
guessing in answering the
instrument.
 Quantitative Research &
Importance of ABM
Quantitative (Accounting,Business
Research Across and Management)
Fields
-help design a new product or service
-utilize research results to guarantee sufficient
distribution of products
-decide if a procedure or strategy should be change to
meet the requirements of the customer
-determine its customers & their preferences
-establish the enterprise in the most feasible location
-deliver quality goods and services
-analyze what the competitors are doing
-finnd ways on how to continuously satisfy the growing
and varied needs of the clients.
 Quantitative Research &
Importance of Anthropology
Quantitative
Research Across
Fields
-exploring connections amidst cultural differences
-studying people
-look into effects of an intervention in ethnic behavior
of a group
-ethnographic study
 Quantitative Research &
Importance of Communication
Quantitative
Research Across
Fields
- Interested in how an understanding of a particular
communication phenomenon might generalize to a
larger population
 Quantitative Research &
Importance of Sports Medicine
Quantitative
Research Across
Fields
-analyze how sports may be used
as an alternative way of
medicating illness
 Quantitative Research &
Importance of Medical Edcation
Quantitative
Research Across
Fields
-observational research based on surveys or
correlational studies
-it test interventions like curriculum, teaching learning
process, or assessment
-use ti cope with the emerging trends in recent times
 Quantitative Research &
Importance of Behavioral Sciences
Quantitative
Research Across
Fields
-explore how one behavior exhibited by people is
related to other types of behavior
-example: verbally aggressive behaviors related to
physical aggression
-how patterns of behavior or perceptions might differ
from one group to another
 Quantitative Research &
Importance of Education
Quantitative
Research Across
Fields
-technique for improving education
-Study interventions
 Quantitative Research &
Importance of Psychology
Quantitative
Research Across
Fields
-study of mental or behavioral characteristics
 Quantitative Research &
Importance of STEM
Quantitative (Science, Technology,
Research Across Engineering, and
Fields Mathematics)
-obtain significant information about diseases trends
and risk factors
-results of various health interventions
-patterns of care, health care cost and use
-determining the effectiveness and side effects of
drugst and therapies
-evaluating experiences in clinical practice in order to
develop mechanisms for best practices
-helps in rpoviding designs for convenience and
efficiency
DETERMINE THE FIELD
1. What Effect do Punitive Behavioral Control
Statements have on Classroom?
2. The Relationship between the Mushrooming of Fast
Food Chains and Obesity of Children in Kuopo,
Eastern England.
3. Effect of Tourism to the Cultural System of Villagers
in Southern Cordillera.
4. Factors Affecting Quality of Medical Education in
Saint Louis University.
DETERMINE THE FIELD
5. Relationship of Verbally Aggressive
Behavior to the Physical Aggression of a
Person.
6. Factors Affecting Crime Rates in Burgos, La
Union.
7. Video Integration in Teaching Science in
Grade 12 of Upper Tumapoc National High
School.
DETERMINE THE FIELD
8. Communicative Behaviors Associated in
Different Stages of a Romantic Relationship.
9. Ethnographic Study: Changes of Aeta
Behaviors in past 5 years.
10. Relationship of Physical Activity to the
Amount of Adipose Tissue and Endurance Fitness
of Children Aged 15 – 22 in Burgos, La Union.
 refers to “characteristics that
has two or more mutually
exclusive values or properties”
(Sevilla and Other, 1988)
the word variable is “vary” or
simply “can change”
Bernard (1994) defines a
What is a variable as something that can
Variable? take more than one value, and
values can be words or numbers
KINDS OF VARIABLES
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES –Those that probably cause, influence, or
affect outcomes. They are invariably called treatment, manipulated,
antecedent or predictor variables. This is the cause variable or the one
responsible for the conditions that act on something else to bring about
changes.

EXAMPLE: A study is on the relationship of study habits and academic

performance of SFSCIS senior high school students. STUDY HABITS is the
independent variable because it influenced the outcome or the
performance of the students.
KINDS OF VARIABLES
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES – those that depend on the independent
variables; they are the outcomes or results of the influence of the
independent variable. That is why it is also called outcome variable.

EXAMPLE: A study is on the relationship of study habits and academic

performance of SFSCIS senior high school students. ACADEMIC
PERFORMANCE is the dependent variable because it is depending on the
study habits of the students; if the students change their study habit the
academic performance also change.
KINDS OF VARIABLES
3. INTERVENING OR MEDLING
VARIABLES – Variables that “stand
between” the independent and dependent
variables, and they show the effects of the
independent variable on the dependent
variable.
EXAMPLE: Consider the given below. Even if farm production is
good, if the attitude towards payment is negative, loan
repayment would be low, whereas, if the attitude towards
repayment is positive or favorable, loan repayment would be
high.

FARM PRODUCTION ATTITUDE TOWARDS LOAN REPAYMENT

REPAYMENT

DV IV DV
KINDS OF VARIABLES
4. CONTROL VARIABLES – A special types of independent
variables that are measured in the study because they
potentially influence the dependent variable. Researchers
use statistical procedures (e.g. analysis of covariance) to
control these variables. They may be demographic or
personal variables that need to be “controlled” so that
the true influence of the independent variable on the
dependent variable can be determined.
KINDS OF VARIABLES
5. CONFOUNDING VARIABLES – Variables that are not
actually measured or observed in a study. They exist but their
influence cannot be directly detected in a study. Researchers
comment on the influence of confounding variables after the
study has been completed, because these variables may have
operated to explain the relationship between the
independent variables and dependent variable, but they were
not or could not be easily assessed.