Number Systems

RubyBart
Lessons
1. How are numbers, text and images
represented inside the computer system?
2. Discussing the 2 state computer system
3. Converting positive whole numbers to binary
and vice versa
4. Playing Binary Bingo
Data Representation

100 billion switches per sq. cm

Data Storage
 Numbers, Text, and
Images are all stored
as a series of 1s and 0s
inside the computer
system.
 These series of 1s and
0s are made up of
pulses of electricity
from 1 volt to 5 volts
Decimal Counting System
 When we represent numbers we use the decimal
counting system, for example
 123,000

100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1

1 2 3 0 0 0
 Since the computer is 2 state, the binary counting
system goes up by the power 2, rather than 10 i.e
256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
How Positive Whole Numbers are
Stored

 34
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
= 32 + 2
 134
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0
= 128 + 4 + 2
Binary back to Decimal
1011 0011
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1
= 128 + 32 + 16 + 2 + 1
=179
Binary to Decimal
1. What is the decimal 2. What is the 8 bit
representation of the representation of the
following 8 bits using following decimal
2s complement numbers
(a) 0001 0110 (a) 174
(b) 1000 1100 (b) 121
(c) 0111 0011 (c) 71
Binary Bingo
 42  13
 81  209
 21  32
 16  56
 121  175
 73  192
 101  186
 75  176
 127  121
Data Storage
 1 or 0 = 1 bit
 8 bits = 1 byte
 1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte
 1024 kilobytes = 1 megabyte
 1024 megabytes = 1 gigabyte
Aims of Lesson 2
1. Representation of negative whole numbers
2. The 2s complement system
Representing Negative
Numbers
The signed bit method
0000 0001 = 1
0000 0000 = 0
1000 0001 = -1
1000 0010 = -2
1000 0011 = -3
1000 0100 = -4
Representing Negative
Numbers
There is a problem with this method??
Using 8 bits you can only store the decimal
numbers from
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 64 +32+16+8+4+2+1 = -127
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=64+32+16+8+4+2+1=127
Rather than -255 to 255
2s Complement
 What is the 8 bit two’s complement representation of
the decimal number -101
 101
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1
Invert numbers
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
+1
-101
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 1
Negative Whole Numbers
 What is the decimal representation of the
following 8 bits using 2s complement
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1
You invert every number
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0
Then add 1
0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
64+16+1
-81
2s Complement Questions
1. What is the decimal 2. What is the 8 bit two’s
representation of the complement
following 8 bits using representation of the
2s complement following decimal
(a) 1000 1011 numbers
(b) 1100 1100 (a) -45
(c) 1001 0111 (b) -121
(d) 1110 1100 (c) -176
(d) -71
Aims of Lesson 3
1. So far we have looked at representing
positive and negative whole numbers using
binary
2. We are now going to look at the
representation of non whole numbers using
the floating point system
 Representing Non Whole
Numbers
 How do we represent the number 128.75 in
binary?

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

 128 + 0.5 + 0.25

 = 128.75
Mantissa and Exponent
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

 Mantissa
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0

 Exponent
8
8 4 2 1
1 0 0 0
How do we represent the number 38.125 using
floating point
32 16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.0625

1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0

 Mantissa
1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0

 Exponent
6
8 4 2 1
0 1 1 0
 Representing Non Whole
Numbers
 Mantissa relates to the precision of the
number you can represent i.e 34.44454321
8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125 0.075 0.0375 0.01875 0.009375

 Exponent relates to the range of the number

1111 = 15
1111 1111 = 255
 Mantissa and Exponent
 What is the decimal number if the Mantissa is
10010011 and the exponent is 0101
Exponent
8 4 2 1
0 1 0 1
=5
Mantissa
16 8 4 2 1 0.5 0.25 0.125

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1

16 + 2 + 0.25 + 0.125 =18.375

Aims of Lesson 4
1. So far we have looked at representing
positive and negative whole numbers using
binary
2. We have also looked at representing non
whole numbers using floating point.
3. Today we are going to practice converting
storage capacities from bit, byte, kilobyte,
megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte
4. Discuss how text is represented in a
computer system
Storage Capacities
0 or 1 = 1 bit

8 bits = 1 byte

1024 bytes = 1 Kilobyte

1024 Kilobytes = 1 Megabyte

1024 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte

1024 Gigabytes = 1 Terabyte

Storage Conversions
 I have a 2 Gigabyte IPOD Classic. How many
512Kb songs can I store on the IPOD?
 Convert 2Gb to Kb
 2 X 1024 = 2048Mb
 2048 X 1024 = 2,097,152Kb
512Kb
 4096 Songs
Storage Conversion Questions
1. I have a memory card for a Digital Camera
with a capacity of 4Gb. How many 460Kb
images can I store on the memory card?
2. Mr Haggarty has recently been working as a
DJ at weekends. He has bought an external
hard disk to back up songs. How many 4Mb
songs would he be able to fit on the 80Gb
hard disk?
Solutions
 4Gb X 1024 = 4096Mb  80Gb X 1024 =
 4096 X 1024 = 81920Mb
4,194,304Kb 4Mb
460Kb = 20,480 songs
= 9118 images
How is Text Represented
 ASCII Character Binary Decimal
 Each key on the keyboard tab 000 1001 9
is converted into a binary
code using 7 bits return 000 1101 13
7
 Using 7 bits i.e 2 = 128 space 010 0000 32
characters can be
represented ! 010 0001 33
 Character Set ‘ 010 0010 34
 A list of all the characters
which the computer can 1 011 0001 49
process A 100 0001 65
 Control Characters
a 110 0001 97
 Codes 0 to 31 are non
printable characters
How is Text Represented
 Unicode (Universal Code)
 Each key on the keyboard is converted into a binary code
using 16 bits
16
 Using 16 bits i.e 2 = 65,536 characters can be
represented
 Can represent Latin, Roman, Japanese characters
 Advantages
 More characters can be represented
 Disadvantages
 Takes up more than twice as much space for each
character
Aims of Lesson 5
Last Lessons Today’s Lesson
 Representing positive 1. Discuss graphic
whole numbers as binary representation
 Representing negative 2. Calculate storage
whole numbers using 2s capacities of colour Bit Map
complement graphics
 Non whole numbers using 3. Bit Map v Vector
mantissa and exponent
 Storage calculations
 Looked at how text is
represented using ASCII
and Unicode
BIT Map Graphics
SCREEN MEMORY

PIXEL

MEMORY REQUIRED
Bit Map = the graphic is made up
from a series of pixels 8 BITS X 8 BITS = 64 BITS
= 8 BYTES
Graphics Resolution
 The smaller the size of
the pixels, the finer the
detail of the image
 800 x 600 pixels lower
quality than 1024 x 768 Pixel Pattern Pixel Pattern
using 8x8 grid using 16x16 grid
 As the number of pixels
increases so does the
storage space required
Calculating Storage Capacities
of Bit Mapped Images
 Storage Requirements = total number of pixels * number of
bits used for each pixel
 This picture of Mr Haggarty has a resolution of 300dpi. The
image is 2 inches by 4 inches in 128 colours
300 X 2 = width 600 pixels
300 X 4 = height 1200 pixels
Total pixels = 600 X 1200 = 720,000 pixels
Each pixel = 7 bits i.e. 27= 128 colours
720,000 X 7 = 5,040,000 bits / 8 = 630,000 bytes
630,000 / 1024 = 615Kb
Bit Map V Vector Graphics
 Bit Map Graphic
 Bit map packages paint
pictures by changing the
colour of the pixels
 Known as “Paint Packages”
 When shapes overlap, the
one on top rubs out the
other
 When you save a file the
whole screen is saved
 The resolution of the image
is fixed when you create the
image
 Vector Graphic
 Work by drawing objects on
the screen
 Known as “Draw Packages”
 When shapes overlap they
remain as separate objects
 Only the object attributes
are stored taking up much
less space
 Resolution Independent
Aims of Lesson 6
Last Lessons Today’s Lesson
 Representing positive whole 1. Discuss true colour
numbers as binary
 Representing negative
whole numbers using 2s Today’s Tasks
complement
 Non whole numbers using 1. Complete Data
mantissa and exponent Representation Questions
 Storage calculations 2. Read chapter in the book
 Looked at how text is
represented using ASCII
and Unicode
 Discuss graphic
representation
 Calculate storage capacities
of colour Bit Map graphics
 Bit Map v Vector
 Bit Depth = 1 bit

True Colour
 Bit Depth (Colour Depth)
 The number of bits used to represent colours in the
graphic
 1 bit = black or white
 2 bits = 4 colours Bit Depth = 2 bit
 3 bits = 8 colours
 8 bits = 256 colours
 24 bits = 16,777,216 colours this is true colour
 True Colour
 24 bits
Human eye cannot
 8 bits for red
distinguish between
 8 bits for blue
adjacent shades of
 8 bits for green grey when looking at
more than 200
shades between
black and white
 Bit Depth = 2 bits
Bit Depths 01

11

10
00
Solutions
Question 1
 2 inches X 90 = 180 pixels
 2 inches X 90 = 180 pixels
 180 X 180 = 32,400 pixels
in total
 256 colours = 2 power 8
 32,400 X 8 = 259,200 bits
 259,200/8 = 32,400 bytes
 32,400 / 1024 = 31.6Kb
Question 2
 5 inches X 200 = 1000
pixels
 3 inches X 200 = 600 pixels
 1000 X 600 = 600,000
pixels in total
 128 colours = 2 power 7
 600,000 X 7 = 4,200,000
bits
 4,200,000/8 = 525,000
bytes
 525,000 / 1024 = 512.7Kb
Aims of Lesson 7
Last Lessons Today’s Lesson
 Representing positive whole 1. Data Compression
numbers as binary
 Representing negative
whole numbers using 2s Today’s Tasks
complement
 Non whole numbers using 1. Complete Compression task
mantissa and exponent 2. Issue Scholar logins
 Storage calculations 3. Complete Data
 Looked at how text is Representation Questions
represented using ASCII Sheet
and Unicode 4. Read chapter in the book
 Discuss graphic
representation
 Calculate storage capacities
of colour Bit Map graphics
 Bit Map v Vector
 True Colour
Compression
 Data compression
means reducing the
size of a file in order to
save backing storage
space.
 2 types of compression
 Lossless compression
 Lossy compression
Lossless Compression
 Lossless means that
none of the original
data is lost
 One method of lossless
compression involves
counting repeating COLOUR = 10011000 11100000 e.g. 16 bits

pixels NUMBER OF THE SAME PIXELS = 32

100000

STORAGE REQUIRED = 16 BITS + 6 BITS =

22 BITS
Lossy Compression
 Lossy compression involves
sacrificing some of the data
in order to reduce the file
size
 Deliberately losing some
types of information that our
eyes and brains usually
ignore
 Lossy is only suitable if the
loss of data will not cause
the file to become useless
 JPEG is a file format that
uses lossy compression to
reduce file sizes
Data Representation – Learning
Aims
1. Representation of positive numbers in binary up to
32 bits
2. Conversion from binary to decimal and vice versa
3. Representation of negative numbers using 2s
complement
4. Representation of non whole numbers using
floating point with mantissa and exponent
5. Conversion to and from bit, byte, kilobyte,
megabyte, gigabyte, terabyte
Data Representation – Learning
Aims
6. Unicode and its advantages over ASCII
7. Description of the bit map method of graphics
representation
8. Description of the relationship between bit depth
and the number of colours represented up to 24 bit
depth
9. Vector graphics
10. Relationship between bit depth and file size