COMPUTER NETWORK SKILL

UNIT 2
DATA COMMUNICATION
DATA COMMUNICATION

• When we communicate, we are sharing information.

This sharing can be local or remote.
• Between individuals, local communication usually
occurs face to face, while remote communication
takes place over distance.
• The term telecommunication, which includes
telephony, telegraphy, and television, means
communication at a distance.
DATA COMMUNICATION

• The word data refers to information presented in

whatever form is agreed upon by the parties creating
and using the data.
• Data communications are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable.
• For data communications to occur, the
communicating devices must be part of a
communication system made up of a combination of
hardware (physical equipment) and software
(programs).
DATA COMMUNICATION

• The effectiveness of a data communications system

depends on four fundamental characteristics:
delivery, accuracy, timeliness, and jitter.
1. Delivery : The system must deliver data to the
correct destination.
2. Accuracy : The system must deliver the data
accurately. Data that have been altered in
transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.
DATA COMMUNICATION

3. Timeliness : The system must deliver data in a

timely manner. Data delivered late are useless. In
the case of video and audio, timely delivery means
delivering data as they are produced, in the same
order that they are produced, and without
significant delay. This kind of delivery is called real-
time transmission.
4. Jitter : Jitter refers to the variation in the packet
arrival time. It is the uneven delay in the delivery of
audio or video packets.
COMPONENTS OF DATA
COMMUNICATION

• A data communications system has five components

Fig: Five Components of Data Communication

COMPONENTS OF DATA
COMMUNICATION

1. Message : The message is the information (data) to

be communicated. Popular forms of information
include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video.
2. Sender : The sender is the device that sends the
data message. It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset, video camera, and so on.
3. Receiver : The receiver is the device that receives
the message. It can be a computer, workstation,
telephone handset, television, and so on.
COMPONENTS OF DATA
COMMUNICATION

4. Transmission medium : The transmission medium is the

physical path by which a message travels from sender to
receiver. Some examples of transmission media include
twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, and
radio waves.
5. Protocol : A protocol is a set of rules that govern data
communications. It represents an agreement between
the communicating devices. Without a protocol, two
devices may be connected but not communicating, just
as a person speaking French cannot be understood by a
person who speaks only Japanese.
DATA REPRESENTATION

• Information today comes in different forms such as

text, numbers, images, audio, and video.
• Text
– In data communications, text is represented as a bit
pattern, a sequence of bits (0s or 1s).
– Different sets of bit patterns have been designed to
represent text symbols.
– Each set is called a code, and the process of representing
symbols is called coding.
• Numbers
– Numbers are also represented by bit patterns.
DATA REPRESENTATION

• Images
– Images are also represented by bit patterns.
– In its simplest form, an image is composed of a matrix of
pixels (picture elements), where each pixel is a small dot.
– The size of the pixel depends on the resolution.
• Audio
– Audio refers to the recording or broadcasting of sound or
music.
– Audio is by nature different from text, numbers, or images.
– It is continuous, not discrete.
DATA REPRESENTATION

• Video
– Video refers to the recording or broadcasting of a picture
or movie.
– Video can either be produced as a continuous entity (e.g.,
by a TV camera), or it can be a combination of images,
each a discrete entity, arranged to convey the idea of
motion.
DATA FLOW

• Communication between two devices can be simplex,

half-duplex, or full-duplex as shown in Figure
SIMPLEX

• In simplex mode, the communication is

unidirectional.
• only one of the devices on a link can transmit, the
other can only receive. e.g. keyboards, monitors,etc.
HALF-DUPLEX

• In this mode, each station can both transmit and

receive, but not at the same time.
• When one device is sending, the other can only
receive, and vice-versa. e.g. walkie-talkies,
CB(citizens band) etc.
FULL-DUPLEX

• In full duplex mode, both stations can transmit and

receive simultaneously.
• One common example of full duplex is the Telephone
network.
• When two people are communicating by a telephone
line, both can talk and listen at the same time.
• The full-duplex mode is used when communication
in both directions is required all the time.
PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

• The term physical topology refers to the way in which

a network is laid out physically.
• Two or more devices connect to a link, two or more
links form a topology.
• The topology of a network is the geographic
representation of the relationship of all the link and
linking devices(nodes) to one another.
PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

• Following are the type of topologies.

– Mesh
– Star
– Bus
– Ring
– Tree
– Hybrid
MESH TOPOLOGY

• In a mesh topology, every device has a dedicated

point-to-point link to every other device.
• The term dedicated means that the link carries traffic
only between the two devices it connects.
• To find the number of physical links in a fully
connected mesh network with n nodes, we first
consider that each node must be connected to every
other node.
MESH TOPOLOGY

• Node 1 must be connected to n - 1 nodes, node 2

must be connected to n – 1 nodes, and finally node n
must be connected to n - 1 nodes.
• We need n(n - 1)/2 physical links.
MESH TOPOLOGY
MESH TOPOLOGY

Advantages
1. They use dedicated links so each link can only carry
its own data load. So traffic problem can be
avoided.
2. It is robust. If any one link get damaged it cannot
affect others.
3. It gives privacy and security.(Message travels along
a dedicated link)
4. Fault identification and fault isolation are easy.
MESH TOPOLOGY

Disadvantage
1. The amount of cabling and the number of I/O ports
required are very large. Since every device is
connected to each devices through dedicated links.
2. The sheer bulk of wiring is larger then the available
space.
3. Hardware required to connected each device is
highly expensive.
MESH TOPOLOGY

Application
1. Telephone Regional office.
2. WAN.(Wide Area Network).
STAR TOPOLOGY

• Here each device has a dedicated point-to-point link

to the central controller called “Hub”(Act as a
Exchange).
• There is no direct traffic between devices.
• The transmission are occurred only through the
central “hub”.
• When device 1 wants to send data to device 2; First
sends the data to hub. Which then relays the data to
the other connected device.
STAR TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY

Advantages
1. Less expensive then mesh since each device is
connected only to the hub.
2. Installation and configuration are easy.
3. Less cabling is need then mesh.
4. Robustness.(if one link fails, only that links is
affected. All other links remain active)
5. Easy to fault identification & to remove parts.
STAR TOPOLOGY

Disadvantage
1. Even it requires less cabling then mesh when
compared with other topologies it still large.(Ring or
bus).
2. Dependency(whole n/w dependent on one single
point(hub). When it goes down. The whole system
is dead.
STAR TOPOLOGY

Application
• Star topology used in Local Area Networks(LANs).
• High speed LAN often used STAR.
BUS TOPOLOGY

• A bus topology is multipoint.

• Here one long cable act as a backbone to link all the
devices are connected to the backbone by drop lines and
taps.
• Drop line- is the connection the devices and the cable.
• Tap- is the splitter that cut the main link.
• This allows only one device to transmit at a time.
• Single cable connects all network nodes without
intervening connectivity devices.
• Devices share responsibility for getting data from one
point to another.
BUS TOPOLOGY

• When a device sends a message, it is broadcast down on

the cable in both directions. Terminators at the end of
the cable prevent the signal from reflecting back to the
sender.
• All devices on the cable constantly monitor for messages
meant to them. When a device detects a message meant
for it, it reads the message from the cable and the other
devices will ignore it.
• Since all devices are sharing the same cable, some form
of control is needed to make sure which device will
transmit when, otherwise there will be a collision.
BUS TOPOLOGY
BUS TOPOLOGY

Advantage
1. Ease of installation.
2. Less cabling.
3. less expensive.
BUS TOPOLOGY

Disadvantage
1. Difficult reconfiguration and fault isolation.
2. Difficult to add new devices.
3. Signal reflection at top can degradation in quality.
4. If any fault in backbone can stops all transmission.
BUS TOPOLOGY

Application
• Most computer motherboard.
RING TOPOLOGY

• Here each device has a dedicated connection with

two devices on either side.
• The signal is passed in one direction from device to
device until it reaches the destination and each
device have repeater.
• When one device received signals instead of
intended another device, its repeater then
regenerates the data and passes them along.
• To add or delete a device requires changing only two
connections.
RING TOPOLOGY
RING TOPOLOGY

Advantage
1. Easy to install.
2. Easy to reconfigure.
3. Fault identification is easy.
RING TOPOLOGY

Disadvantage
1. Unidirectional traffic.
2. Break in a single ring can break entire network.
RING TOPOLOGY

Application
• Ring topologies are found in some office buildings or
school campuses.
• Today high speed LANs made this topology less
popular.
TREE TOPOLOGY

• Alternatively referred to as a star bus topology.

• Tree topology is one of the most common network
setups that is similar to a bus topology and a star
topology.
• A tree topology connects multiple star networks to
other star networks. Below is a visual example of a
simple computer setup on a network using the star
topology.
TREE TOPOLOGY
HYBRID TOPOLOGY

• A hybrid topology is a type of network topology that

uses two or more other network topologies,
including bus topology, mesh topology, ring
topology, star topology, and tree topology.
HYBRID TOPOLOGY
Thank you