DATA &

INFORMATION
Iwan Dewanto
 Data

DATA Information Interpretation

Decision Knowledge

Information plays a key role when interpreting

data and making decisions

Technology :
• Calculator
• Computer/PC
• Internet
 Data Folder

• Writing : doc.,ppt.
• Table : xls.,Lotus
• Picture : cdr.,jpeg.,pdf.
• Format data : db.
• Computer VS Human Brain
– Data Processing, memory.
– Human with sense, computer with
consistency and accuracy
– Ex. Stetoskop, microscope
DATA & INFORMATION
HUMAN THINKING & COMPUTERS

• human reasoning can now be assisted by

computers.
• If computers are able to assist human
reasoning, it is important to know the strong
points and the limitations of computers in
general and in health care in particular
INFORMATION PROCESSING

• COMPUTERS DO NOT PROCESS INFORMATION

BUT MERELY PROCESS DATA
• ONLY A HUMAN BEING IS ABLE TO INTERPRET
THE DATA SO THAT THEY BECOME
INFORMATION
• COMPUTERS CAN
– EXTEND THE BRAIN’S MEMORY
– INCREASE DATA PROCESSING CAPABILITIES
– IMPROVE THE ACCURACY AND
CONSISTENCY DATA PROCESSING
INFORMATION PROCESSING

• Computer systems can be used for

different types of operations
• Computer systems assist in the
diagnostic-therapeutic cycle, especially in
the observation stage, but also partly in
the diagnostic and therapeutic stages.
• Computer systems are used to provide the
user with the data needed to make
decisions and take actions.
 COMPUTER RESPONSABILITY

• Support of Human Thinking

– Technological developments
– Necessity of computers
• Developments in Health Care
– Costs of healthcare
– Evaluation of care
• Parallels
– Computers in health care and in society
NECESSITY OF COMPUTERS

• Both in science and in health care, our

thinking and action are dominated by man-
made rules or laws that have been
discovered and theories that have been
developed in the course of scientific
research.
• A computer may support us in structuring
and ordering the world in which we live,
both in science and in society at large.
 Computer applications
Level Society Health Care
1 Use of the Internet Health-care
communication
2 Airline booking Hospital registration

3 Satellite pictures X-ray imaging

4 Process control Patient monitoring

5 Computer-assisted Radiotherapy
design planning
6 Model of traffic flow Model of the blood
circulation
SYSTEMATIZATION
• At first sight the applications of
computers in health care look very
extensive and the field of medical
informatics does not seem to be
structured or orderly
• The systematization that we want to
discuss intends to address all three areas.
– the limitations of computers in health care
– their dependence on human interaction
– new generations of information systems are
developed
LEVEL OF COMPLEXITY
COMMUNICATION & TELEMATIC

• The analysis of samples of blood or urine in

the clinical laboratory, which is fully automated
for the majority of all blood and urine tests
• A local area network
• The transmission of radiological images
• The electronic interchange of patient data
between computer-based patient records in a
region
• World Wide Web
 STORAGE & RETRIEVAL

• Hard disk, USB ( universal serial bus controller )

• Hospitals --- more than 1 million patients. The
storage of medical images requires a huge
capacity
• ICD ( nternational Clasification of disease )
• National Library of medicine
PROCESSING &
AUTOMATION
• A more complex use of
computers concerns its
more "intelligent"
applications in areas such as laboratory
automation or processing of biological signals.
• Here also most of the processing can be done
without much human interaction, problems that
can be standardized can be solved, for example,
if they are repetitious.
• Ex.Radiation dosage of rontgent
Radiotherapy
DIAGNOSIS &
DECISION MAKING
• the recognition of visual
images and situations,
which allow people to prepare for subsequent
decision making and plan further actions.
• The ultimate challenge in this area is how to
formalize medical knowledge in such a way
that it can be used for decision support.
Ex. Correct decision develop for abdominal
pain
Intrepretation of ECGs
 THERAPY AND CONTROL
• In health care we find on this level only a few
computer applications that have a direct effect on
patient care.
• The injection of a drug or surgery will always
primarily remain a human activity.
• computer algorithms that control the automatic
administration of infusion on the basis of fluids
given or withdrawn, (anticoagulation therapy or for
the administration of insulin )
• the radiation equipment is often automatically
adjusted and calibrated under level 3
RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT

• This is exactly the object of research in

medical informatics
• The use of virtual-reality models in surgery, for
training (comparable to flight simulators) or to
assist surgeons in so-called minimal invasive
surgery.
• the analysis of data acquired in
epidemiological studies
• computer-based patient records and models
Main References

• Van Bemmel J.H, et al. Handbook of Medical

Informatics. Springer-Verlaag. 1997.

Chapter 1, page 3 - 17
Advance Text Books

• Shortliffe EH, Perreault, L.E., Wiederhold G, Fagan,

L.M., eds. Medical Informatics: Computer Application
in Health Care. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley; 1995
• Hovenga, E., Kidd, M., Cesnik, B. Health informatics
an overview. Churchill Livingstone. 1996
• Coeira, E. Guide to medical informatics,
internet and telemedicine.
The End