Presented by-

shefali goel
Jr-1
 HISTORY OF RESINS
Before 1840 - wood, ivory, bone

1840 - Charles Goodyear - Vulcanised rubber

nitrocellulose,phenol formaldehyde
 CLASSIFICATION

1. Denture base Materials

Metallic Non- metallic

Eg: Cobalt Chromium Eg: Acrylic resins
Gold alloys Vinyl resins
Stainless steel

2. Denture base Materials

Temporary Permanent
Eg: Self cure acrylics, Eg: Heat cure denture resins
Shellac base plate Light cure resin
Base plate wax.
 CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERS
1.Chemical Repeating Units

-Polyacrylic acid -Polyethers

-Polyurethane -Polysulphides
-PVC -Polysilicones

2.Thermal behavior
-Thermoplastic eg:PMMA
Polyvinyl acrylic

-Thermosetting eg:Silicones
Bisphenol Adiacrylate

3.Types Of Polymerization
-condensation
-Addition
4.Activating Energy
-Heat activated
-Chemical activated
-Visible light

5.Composition &Spatial Structure

-Linear
-Branched
-Cross linked
 TYPES OF POLYMERIZATION

 Condensation Polymerization(step growth):

 Those in which polymerization is accompanied by repeated
elimination of small molecules.
 Those in which functional groups are repeated in the polymer
chains.

 Addition Polymerization:
 All resins employed extensively in dental procedures are
produced by additions polymerization.
 no change in chemical composition
 no by-products are formed.
 STAGES OF POLYMERIZATION
1.Induction: molecules of initiator becomes energised and start
to transfer energy to the monomer

 Heat activation
Most denture base resins are polymerized by this method
e.g. benzoyl peroxide will initiate the polymerization of methyl
methacrylate monomer

 Chemical activation
This system consists of at least two reactants, when mixed they
undergo chemical reaction and liberate free radicals
e.g. the use of benzoyl peroxide and an aromatic amine( dimethyl-p-
toluidine) in self-cured dental resins.

 Light activation
photons of light energy activate the initiator to generate free radicals
7
e.g. camphoroquinone and an amine will react to form free radicals
when they are irradiated with visible light.
2. Propagation: occurs when free radicals break the
bond between carbon atoms in monomer and
adjacent monomers bond together

3.Termination: occurs when monomer units are used

up, or free radical is tied up by a reaction
IDEAL REQUIREMENTS OF DENTAL RESINS
 Tasteless, odorless, non-toxic and non-irritant
 Esthetically satisfactory
 Dimensionally stable.
 Have enough strength, resilience and abrasion
resistance.
 Insoluble and impermeable to oral fluids
 Have a low specific gravity (light in weight)
 Tolerate temperatures well above the temperature
of any hot foods or liquids taken in the mouth
without undue softening of distortion.
 Be easy to fabricate and repair
 Have good thermal conductivity.
 Be radio-opaque
 Be economical
 USES OF RESINS
 Fabrication of dentures (denture base resins)

 Artificial teeth (cross-linked acrylic resins)

 Tooth restoration (composite resin)

 Cementation of orthodontic brackets, crowns and bridges

(resins cements)

 Orthodontic and pedodontic appliances

 Crown and bridge facings (tooth colored acrylic or composite

resins)

 Maxillofacial prosthesis (e.g. obturators for cleft palates)

 USES OF RESINS
 Inlay and post-core patterns (pattern resins)

 Dies (epoxy resins)

 Provisional restorations
(tooth colored resins and composite resins)

 Endodontic and core filling material

 Athletic mouth protectors

 Custom impression trays

 Splints and stents

 Models
TYPES OF RESINS

 Acrylic resins

 Vinyl resins

 Polystyrene

 Epoxy resins

 Polycarbonates

 Polyurethanes

 Cyanoacrylates
 HEAT ACTIVATED ACRYLIC RESIN
 COMPOSITION
POWDER
1. Poly(methyl methacrylate)(95-98%) major component
2. Ethyl/ butyl methacrylate(5%) copolymers
3. Benzoyl peroxide Initiator
4. Dibutyl phthalate Plasticizer
5. Zinc,barium or bismuth salts Opacifiers
6. Compounds like Mercuric Color
sulphide, Cadmium sulphide Pigments
7. Inorganic particles improves physical
like nylon or glass fiber. properties
 LIQUID
1.Methyl methacrylate Monomer

2. Glycol dimethacrylate (1-2%) Cross linking

agent

3. Hydroquinone (0.006%) Inhibitor

4. Dibutyl phthalate Plasticizer

POLYMERIZATION REACTION
Polymer + Monomer + heat → polymer + Heat

Technical consideration:
1. Compression molding technique
2. Injection molding technique
COMPRESSION MOULDING
TECHNIQUE
Fully assembled hanau denture flask
 Mixing of powder and liquid
On standing, mixture passes through 5 distinct stages

i.Sandy:
No interaction at molecular level. consistency of
mixture—coarse or grainy.

ii.Stringy:
Some polymer chain dispersed in liquid monomer. Stage
characterized by stringiness or stickiness when material
is touched or drawn apart.

iii.Dough :
An increased number of polymer chain enter solution.
Not adhere to walls of the jar. Mass is homogenous & can
be packed into mold at this stage.
iv.Rubbery or elastic:
Monomer is dissipated by evaporation & by
further penetration into remaining
polymer beads.
Mass rebounds when compressed or
stretched and cann’t be molded.

v.Stiff:
This may be attributed to evaporation of
the free monomer.
Clinically, the mixture appears very dry &
is resistant to mechanical deformation.
RHEOLOGY STAGES OF PRE-POLYMERIZED DENTURE ACRYLIC AFTER
MIXING OF POWDER AND LIQUID. NF IS THE FINAL VISCOSITY AND NF/2 IS
HALF OF THE FINAL VALUE.
REF : RESTORATIVE DENTAL MATERIALS , CRAIG, 11 TH EDITION.
 Packing
 Should be packed at dough consistency

Packed at the stringy stages-

Too much monomer will be present between the
polymer particles . Packing too early may also result in
porosity in the final denture base.

packed at the rubbery to the stiff stage-

The material will be too viscous to flow. Delayed
packing will result in movement or fracture of the teeth,
loss of detail and increase in the vertical height of the
denture
 Trial Closure
 The acrylic dough is packed into the flask
in slight excess. It is removed by trial
packing, with a damp cellophane. Before
final closure, the separating film is
removed and discarded.

Bench Curing
 Permits an equalization of pressures
throughout the mold
 Uniform dispersion of monomer
throughout the mass of dough,
 Producing a better bond of the teeth with
the base material.
 30-6O mins.
 Polymerization cycle

The polymerization cycle represented by curve C will yield

porosity in thick portions of the denture, because the
temperature of resin exceeds the boiling point of the
monomer. (100.8oC)
The polymerization cycle represented by curve A will result
in the presence of unreacted monomer. Thus, an optimum
polymerization cycle lies between curves A & C.
 CURING CYCLE
 CURING CYCLES
Longer curing cycle: - 74⁰ C(165 ⁰ F) for 8 hrs No
terminal boiling
- 74⁰C(165⁰F) for 8 hrs then
increasing the temperature to 100⁰C for 1 hr.

Short curing cycle: - 74 ⁰C(165⁰F) for 2 hrs then boiling at

100⁰C for 1hr.

 BENCH COOLING- overnight cooling (ideal), 30 mins.

INJECTION MOULDING TECHNIQUE
 Introduced by Ivoclar in mid 1970’s
INJECTION MOULDING
TECHNIQUE
 Advantages
1. Dimensional accuracy
2. Low free monomer content
3. Good impact strength
4. No increase in vertical
dimension

Disadvantages
1. High cost of equipment
2. Less craze resistance
3. Special flask is required
 CHEMICALLY ACTIVATED
RESINS
 These resins are
activated by the
chemical activators
present in them.

 Thermal energy is not

required for their
activation and hence
they can be polymerized
at room temperature.
 COMPOSITION
Usually supplied in the powder
liquid form.

a) POWDER- may be
clear,pink,veined or tooth
coloured.
Composition similar to that
of heat cure resins

b) LIQUID – similar to heat

cure resins.
also has- amine activators
like dimethyl paratoluidine
which act as activator
 Polymerization reaction

Polymer + Monomer → polymer + Heat

(Peroxide initiator) (amine accelerator)

Advantages:
1. Better initial fit.
2. For repairing, self cure resins are preferable as re-curing
causes warpage.
 Uses

- for temporary crowns & bridges

- preparing special tray
- denture repair
- relining & rebasing
- temporary denture base

Technical consideration
• Sprinkle on technique
• Adapting technique
• Fluid resin technique(pour type acrylic resin)
• Compression molding technique
Fluid resin technique
 Advantages
Better tissue fit
Decreased probability of damage to prosthetic teeth
& denture base during deflasking.
 Simplification of flasking, deflasking & finishing
procedures.

Disadvantages
Noticeable shifting of prosthetic teeth during
processing.
 Air entrapment within the denture base material.
 Poor bonding between the denture base material &
acrylic resin teeth.
 Heat cured Self cured
1. Heat is necessary for 1. Heat is not necessary for
polymerization polymerization

2. Lower residual monomer 2. Higher residual monomer

content contents

3. Porosity of material is less 3. Porosity is greater

4. Higher molecular weights 4. lower molecular weight.

 Heat cured
5. Material is strong
6. Rheological properties:
a. Shows lesser distortion
b. Less initial deformation
c. Less creep and quicker
recovery
7. Color stability is good
8. Difficult to deflask
Self cured
5. Material is not strong
6. Rheological properties:
a. Show greater distortion
b. More initial deformation
c. Increase creep and slow
recovery.
7. Poor color stability
8. Easy to deflask
 LIGHT ACTIVATED RESINS
 Single component denture base resin
 Supplied – sheet & rope forms packed in light
proof pouches to prevent inadvertent polymerization.

COMPOSITION
1) Urethane di methlyacrylate cross linking
agent

2) Camphorquinone initiator

3) Visible light activator

4) Microfine silica filler

5) Acrylic resin monomer

 PROPERTIES OF MONOMER
 Clear,transparent volatile liquid at room temperature with
following properties:

Melting point : -48 c

Boiling point :100.8 c
Density :0.945 gm/ml
Heat of
polymerization : 12.9 Kcal/mol

 Has a characteristic sweetish odor

 Volume shrinkage of 21% occurs during polymerization of

pure methylmethacrylate monomer.
 PROPERTIES OF POLYMER
 Tastless and odorless

 Clearly transparent resin which can be pigmented to

duplicate oral tissues

 Acceptable esthetics

 Density- 1.19 gm/cc

 Low strength but have enough strength for complete or

partial denture applications

 Sufficient modulus of elasticity

 POLYMERIZATION SHRINKAGE

Methyl methacrylate Poly methyl

methacrylate
Density: 0.94gm/cc 1.19 gm/cc

Volumetric Shrinkage

21 %
Since 1/3 is liquid, volumetric shrinkage
exhibited by polymerized mass is about 7 %
linear shrinkage is around 2%
 Effects:
- denture base adaptation
- cuspal adaptation

Cause:
 Thermal Shrinkage of resin.
 In initial stages, pressure maintained on the flask
assembly causes resin to contract at approx. the same
rate as surrounding dental stone.
 As cooling proceeds, soft resin approaches Glass
Transition Temp (Tg) - polymerized resin passes from
soft, rubbery state to rigid, glassy state
 Thus, rigid mass contracts at a rate different from
surrounding dental stone
 Greater the linear shrinkage, greater the discrepancy in
the initial fit of denture
 Significance: Chemically cured resins generally display
better adaptation than heat cured resins

 Reason: Negligible thermal shrinkage

BIOCOMPATIBILITY
Residual monomer
 most common irritant
 content of processed denture < 1%
 Surface monomer completely eliminated after 17 hrs of storage
in water

Possible adverse effects:

 Denture Sore mouth
 Contact Dermatitis
 Inhalation may be detrimental

Cytotoxicity varies with the polymerization reaction in decreasing order as:

Autopolymerizing Resin > heat curing resin > microwave processing
(JPD 2003 ;90 :190-3)
Solubility:
Insoluble in water and oral fluids. Soluble in ketones, esters
and aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Alcohol causes
crazing.

Thermal properties:
Poly methyl methacrylate is stable to heat.
Softens at 1250C.
between 1250C- 2000C-depolymerise.
At 4500C , 90% of polymer will depolymerise to monomer.

Thermal conductivity:
Poor conductors of heat and electricity.
Coefficient of Thermal expansion – High

Colour stability:
Heat cure – High
Self cure – low
 Creep: It is the time dependent plastic strain under constant load
Creep rate can be elevated by :
- increase amount of plasticizer
- increase residual monomer content
- if applied load is too high

Adhesion: To metal and porcelain is poor, so mechanical retension

is required. Adhesion to plastic denture teeth is good(chemical
adhesion).

Dimensional stability: Good dimensional stability.

Water sorption: Absorb water and expand (0.6mg/cm2). This

partially compensate for its processing shrinkage. This process
is reversible. Thus, on drying they lose water and shrink.

Shelf life:Dispensed as powder and liquid have the best shelf life.
Gel type have lower and should be stored in a refrigerator.
 PROCESSING ERRORS

POROSITY
a.Internal porosity:
Appears as bubbles or voids with in the denture. Not present on
the surface of the denture. Confined to the thick portions of the
denture base.

Causes:
• Due to the vapourisation of monomer when the temperature
of resin increases above the boiling point of the monomer
(100.80C).

• It can be avoided by using long low temperature curing

cycle.
 b.External porosity:
1. Due to lack of homogenity:
the portions contain more monomer will shrink more
than the adjacent areas. This results in voids. Resin appears
white.
avoided by -
o using proper monomer – polymer ratio and mixing it well.
o The mixture is more homogenous in dough stage, packing should be
done at dough stage.

2. Lack of adequate pressure:

Due to lack of pressure during polymerization or
inadequate amount of dough in the mould during final
closure
bubbles appears which are not spherical. Resin appears
appears lighter in color
Avoided by –
o Using required amount of dough.
o Check for flash during trial closure
3. Air inclusion during mixing & pouring
procedure:
seen in fluid resin
Avoided by –
Careful mixing, spruing, venting required
 Porosity

A. Properly polymerized, no porosity.

B. & C. rapid heating, relatively small subsurface voids.
D. Insufficient mixing of monomer & polymer, large voids
resulting from localized polymerization shrinkage.
E. Insufficient pressure during polymerization, relatively
large irregular voids.
 Crazing:

Is formation of surface cracks on the denture base. It is a

mechanical separation of the polymer chains or groups under
tensile stress.
Can be microscopic or macroscopic – Hazy or foggy appears.

Causes:
1. Mechanical stress.
2. Attack by solvent.
3. Incorporation of water.

Can be avoided by:

1. Using cross linked acrylics.
2. Tin foil seperating medium.
3. Metal mold.
 Denture warpage:
Deformity of shape of denture which can affect the fit of the
denture
causes: due to the release of stresses incorporated during
processing like
- curing shrinkage
- uneven or rapid cooling
- packing resin in rubbery stage
- improper deflasking

These stresses are released during denture polishing,

immersion of denture in hot water, recuring of denture after
relining etc.
 RECENT ADVANTAGES
HIGH IMPACT ACRYLIC

 butadiene-styrene rubber-reinforced poly (methyl methacrylate )

 Improved impact strength

 Indicated for:
 patients who drop their denture repeatedly
 eg; senility, parkinsonism

 The elastomer is able to absorb energy

on impact and thus protect the acrylic resin
from fracture.
 High impact resins
- expensive than conventional resins
- low crazing
- fit is comparable with that of conventional
- high impact resistance

2) FIBER REINFORCED RESIN

- Early experiment with glass fibers resulted in

failure

irritating nature of fibers that protruded from

finished denture surface
 Fiber reinforced
 Carbon fibers
- no such irritant effects
- high impact strength
- black in color so use must be restricted to
lingual surface of the denture.

 other fibers are:

• Aramid
• Ultra high modulus polyethylene
3) RADIOPAQUE DENTURE RESINS
- Fragments of radiolucent denture base are difficult
to find even when if sophisticated ultrasound tech.
are used

- so attempts are made to incorporate degree of

radiopacity into acrylic denture base.

- Bromine- containing additives or comonomers are

used to give radiopacity.
CLASSIFICATION

Soft Denture
Liners

Short-Term/
Long-Term/
temporary/
permanent
Tissue Conditioner
 Long term soft liner
 Heat activated resins are more durable & considered as long term liners.

 Composition
Powder – acrylic resin polymers & copolymers
Liquid - acrylic monomer & plasticizer

 Purpose of long term liner-

is to protect the soft tissue by acting as a cushion.

 Indication-
-irritated mucosa
-patients with severe undercuts of ridge
-congenital or acquired defects of palate .

 Other materials used as soft liner:

- Vinyl resins
- Silicone rubber

 Disadvantage-
- loose elasticity with time
-can not be cleaned effectively , thus often have disagreeable taste & odor
57
Tissue conditioners/short term soft liner
 Assists in returning abused soft tissues to a healthier
state

 Highly plasticized acrylic resins with poly(ethyl

methacrylate) in aromatic ester in ethanol

 Properties-
o Viscous - adaption to tissue
o -Viscoelastic - cushioning of masticatory forces

o Have to be replaced every 3-5 days

 RESINS IN MAXILLOFACIAL
PROSTHETICS
 Resins used
PMMA
Plasticized vinyl
resins

 Other polymers
Synthetic latex
Silicones
Polyurethanes
 CONCLUSION

 There are many materials available for

fabrication of dentures. Acrylic resins are widely
used among them.

 Heatactivated resin in conjugation with

compression molding technique still the most
popular(95%).

 Many new material and new techniques for

processing are being introduced and still
undergoing research. They are promising a good
future for denture base materials.
COMPARISON OF..
Resin Teeth Porcelain Teeth

1) High fracture
toughness 1) Brittle, may chip

2) Susceptible to crazing by
2) Crazing if not cross- thermal shock
linked

3) Clinically significant 3) Insignificant wear

wear

4) Easily ground & 4) Grinding difficult, danger

polished of removing glaze
Resin teeth Porcelain teeth
5) Silent on contact
5) Sharp clicking sound on
contact
6) Dimensional change with
water sorption 6) Dimensionally stable

7) Loss of vertical dimension

7) Stable
8) Self-adjusting

8) Difficult to fit in
diminished inter arch
space
 Resin Teeth Porcelain Teeth

9) Chemical bond to 9) Mechanical retention

denture necessary

10) Minimum abrasion to 10) Abrades opposing

opposing dentition natural teeth & gold
In a study to investigate the change in
VDO produced by compression molding &
injection molding technique, it was noted
that the latter produced slightly smaller
increase in VDO than the conventional
one.
( JPD 2003; 89: 37)