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AND FUNDAMENTALS
Introduction to fluid power
Advantages of fluid power
Application of fluid power system
Types of fluid power systems,
General types of fluids
◦ Properties of hydraulic fluids
◦ Fluid power symbols
Basics of Hydraulics
◦ Applications of Pascal’s Law
◦ Laminar and Turbulent flow
◦ Reynolds’s number
◦ Darcy’s equation
◦ Losses in pipe, valves and fittings
Introduction to fluid power
Fluid power is a term
describing hydraulics and pneumatics technologi
es.
Both technologies use a fluid (liquid or gas) to
transmit power from one location to another.
hydraulics, the fluid is a liquid (usually oil),
pneumatics uses a gas (usually compressed air).
Both are forms of power transmission, which is
the technology of converting power to a more
useable form and distributing it to where it is
needed.
The common methods of power transmission
are electrical, mechanical, and fluid power.
Advantages of fluid power
high horsepower-to-weight ratio — You could probably hold a 5-hp
hydraulic motor in the palm of your hand, but a 5-hp electric motor might
weight 40 lb or more.
safety in hazardous environments because they are inherently spark-
free and can tolerate high temperatures.
force or torque can be held constant — this is unique to fluid power
transmission
high torque at low speed — unlike electric motors, pneumatic and
hydraulic motors can produce high torque while operating at low
rotational speeds. Some fluid power motors can even maintain torque at
zero speed without overheating
pressurized fluids can be transmitted over long distances and
through complex machine configurations with only a small loss in power
multi-functional control — a single hydraulic pump or air compressor
can provide power to many cylinders, motors, or other actuators
elimination of complicated mechanical trains of gears, chains, belts,
cams, and linkages
motion can be almost instantly reversed
Application of fluid power system
Construction
Mining
Agriculture
Waste Reduction
Utility Equipment
Marine
Offshore
Energy
Metal Forming
Machine Tools
Military & Aerospace
Other Applications
Types of fluid power systems
Fluid transport system
◦ Transport of water from reservoir using pipe
lines
◦ Transport of oil in pipe to two countries.
Fluid power system
◦ Oil used in equipments to acquire desire
movement.
◦ Compressed air in pneumatics for crane
movements
Properties of hydraulic fluids
Density
◦ The density of a fluid is its mass per unit volu
me:
◦ Liquids are essentially incompressible
◦ Density is highly variable in gases nearly prop
ortional to the pressure.
◦ Note: specific volume is defined as:
Viscosity
◦ Viscosity is a measure of a fluid’s resistance to flo
w. It determines the fluid strain rate that is gener
ated by a given applied shear stress.
Cohesion
◦ Intermolecular attraction between molecules of
same liquid
Adhesion
◦ Attraction between molecules of liquid and
molecules of solid boundary in contact with
liquid.
Cavitation
◦ Cloud of vapour bubble will form when liquid
pressure drops below vapour pressure due to
flow phenomenon
Capillarity
◦ Liquid rises into a thin glass tube above or
below its general level.
Vapour pressure
◦ Pressure exerted by vapour which is in
equilibrium with liquid
Compatibility
◦ Ability of hydraulic fluid to be compatible with
the system.
Volatility
◦ The degree and rate at which it will vapourize
under given conditions of temperature and
pressure.
Corrosiveness
◦ Tendency to promote corrosion in hydraulic
system.
Application of pascals law
Hydraulic press
Hydraulic jack
Laminar and Turbulent flow
Laminar
Turbulent
Reynolds number
Darcys equation
Losses in pipes, valves and fittings
UNIT 2: HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
Sources of Hydraulic Power
◦ construction and working of pumps – Variable
displacement pumps
◦ Actuators: Linear hydraulic actuators
◦ Single acting and Double acting cylinders
◦ Fluid motors.
Control Components:
Direction control valve
Flow control valves
Electrical control -- solenoid valves. Relays, Accumulators
and Intensifiers.
Basic Pump Classifications
Hydraulic pumps can be classified using
three basic aspects:
◦ Displacement
◦ Pumping motion
◦ Fluid delivery characteristics
Basic Pump Classifications
Displacement relates to how the output of the
pump reacts to system loads
◦ Positive-displacement pumps produce a constant
output per cycle
◦ Non-positive-displacement pumps produce flow
variations due to internal slippage
Basic Pump Classifications
A non-positive-displacement pump has
large internal clearances
◦ Allows fluid slippage in the pump
◦ Results in varying flow output as system load
varies
Basic Pump Classifications
Non-positive-displacement pump
Basic Pump Classifications
The basic pumping motions used in
hydraulic pumps are:
◦ Rotary
◦ Reciprocating
Basic Pump Classifications
Gear pumps are rotary pumps
Sauer-Danfoss, Ames, IA
Basic Pump Classifications
Piston pumps are reciprocating pumps
Check valve
Pilot operated check valve
Three-way and four-way valves
Manually-actuated valve
Pilot actuated valve
Solenoid actuated valve
Center flow path configuration
Shuttle valve
Directional control valves
Pilot operated check valve
Three-way valves
Four-way valves
Manually-actuated valve
Pilot actuated valve
Solenoid actuated valve
Pressure control valves
Pneumatic Components:
Properties of air. Compressors.
FRL Unit –
Air control valves,
Quick exhaust valves
pneumatic actuators- cylinders, air
motors.
Compressor construction
Types of compressor
Piston type reciprocating
compressor
Fig shows single-acting piston actions in the cylinder of a reciprocating
compressor.
The piston is driven by a crank shaft via a connecting rod.
At the top of the cylinder are a suction valve and a discharge valve.
A reciprocating compressor usually has two, three, four, or six cylinders in
it.
Screw compressor
Screw compressors are also belong to the
positive displacement compressor family.
In screw compressors, the compression is
accomplished by the enmeshing of two
mating helically grooved rotors suitably
housed in a cylinder equipped with
appropriated inlet and discharge ports
Rotary vane compressor
The rotor shaft is mounted eccentrically in a steel cylinder
so that the rotor nearly touches the cylinder wall on one
side, the two being separated only by an oil film at this point.
Directly opposite this point the clearance between the rotor
and the cylinder wall is maximum.
Heads or end-plates are installed on the ends of the cylinder
and to hold the rotor shaft.
The vanes move back and forth radially in
the rotor slots as they follow the contour of
the cylinder wall when the rotor is turning.
The vanes are held firmly against the
cylinder wall by action of the centrifugal
force developed by the rotating rotor.
In some instances, the blades are spring-
loaded to obtain a more positive seal against
the cylinder wall.
Filter
Drain Cock
Regulator
Adjustable
Locking Knob
Main Spring
Diaphragm
Assembly
1
Unit 4: FLUIDICS & PNEUMATIC CIRCUIT DESIGN