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Pathogens and Immunity

Pathogens
• A pathogen is a microorganism that causes
disease
• Disease that are caused by pathogen can
usually be passed from one person to
another
The Human Immune System
What is the immune system?
• The body’s defense against disease causing
organisms, malfunctioning cells, and
foreign particles
Viruses
Viruses enter body cells, hijack their organelles, and
turn the cell into a virus making-factory. The cell
will eventually burst, releasing thousands of viruses
to infect new cells.

Cell before infection… …and after.


Antibody

An antibody is a protein
molecule with a particular
shape . To destory a
particular pathogen ,
antibody molecules must
be made which are just the
right shape to fit into
molecules on the outside of
the pathogens . These
pathogen molecules are
called antigens
Lymphocytes
• Lymphocytes are a very important part of
your immune system . The way in which
they response to pathogen , by producing
antibody is called the immune respone
MEMORY CELL
When a lymphocyte clones itself , not
all of the cell make antibody.
Some of them simply remain in the
blood and other part of the body
living for very long time is called
Memory cell
Vaccine
• Antigens are deliberately introduced into the
immune system to produce immunity.

• Vaccine are give to children

• A vaccine contain weakened or dead viruses or


bacteria that normal causes disease. This pathogen
have the same antigen as the normal ones but they
are not able to cause disease
What is immunity?
- Resistance to a disease causing organism or
harmful substance
- Two types
- Active Immunity
- Passive Immunity
Active Immunity
A person has active immunity to a disease if
they have made their own antibodes and
memory cell that protect against it . This
memory cell can last in the body for many
year
How long does active immunity
last?
• It depends on the antigen
• Some disease-causing
bacteria multiply into new
forms that our body doesn’t
recognize, requiring annual
vaccinations, like the flu
shot
• Booster shot - reminds the
immune system of the
antigen
• Others last for a lifetime,
such as chicken pox
Passive Immunity
• You don’t produce the
antibodies
– A mother will pass
immunities on to her baby
during pregnancy - through
what organ? Placenta
– These antibodies will
protect the baby for a short
period of time following
birth while its immune
system develops. What
endocrine gland is Why doesn’t the mother just
responsible for this? Thymus pass on the WBCs that
– Lasts until antibodies die “remember” the antigens?
Thank you

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