Geologic Event Hazards They Cause

Earthquake A. Ground shaking

B. Surface faulting

C. Landslides and liquefaction

1. Rock avalanches

2. Rapid soil flows

3. Rock falls

D. Tsunamis
Magnitudes below 6.5
Earthquakes of this magnitude are very unlikely to
trigger a tsunami.
Magnitudes between 6.5 and 7.5
Earthquakes of this size do not usually produce
destructive tsunamis. However, small sea level
changes might be observed in the vicinity of the
epicenter. Tsunamis capable of producing
damage or casualties are rare in this magnitude
range but have occurred due to secondary effects
such as landslides or submarine slumps.
Magnitudes between 7.6 and 7.8
Earthquakes of this size might produce destructive
tsunamis, especially near the epicenter. At greater
distances, small sea level changes might be
observed. Tsunamis capable of producing damage
at great distances are rare in the magnitude
range.
Magnitude 7.9 and greater
Destructive local tsunamis are possible near the
epicenter, and significant sea level changes and
damage might occur in a broader region. Note that
with a magnitude 9.0 earthquake, there is a
possibility of an aftershock of magnitude 7.5 or
greater.
Here are some of the precautionary measures before, during and after the
earthquake.
What to do before the earthquake:
Be cautious and ready to face dangers that come your way. Try to be calm
when danger comes so that you can deal with problems that the earthquake
brings.
Attend earthquake drills. Schools conduct earthquake drills for students so that
they will know what to do in case of earthquake. People are also taught how to
take precautionary measures before, during and after an earthquake. To help
you get to know about earthquakes more, try to read books or magazines that
discuss about earthquakes.
Be prepared for first aid kits. It is also important to be prepared with flashlights,
some batteries, knife, plies, hammer or other important tools. Put these things in
a box and put it in a convenient place where you can grab it if earthquake
occurs. These things will be very useful in cases of emergency. You can also
store food that will last for many years in case of an earthquake.
Remove all heavy objects on top of cabinets and put them at the bottom of the
cabinets.
Fasten all appliances to the walls and floor so that they will be secured.
Fasten to the wall book cases, china cabinets or anything else that can fall
over.
What to do during the earthquake:
 Do not panic. If there are kids, gather them together and
stay with them. Kids panic easily so it is important for you to
be with them to tell them what and what not to do.
 Seek cover under strong tables, chairs and beds. You can
also stand in a doorway since they are the strongest part of
the home.
 If you are outdoors, stay away from tall buildings and walls.
 Avoid staying near electric posts.
Lay down on the ground.
Use flashlights instead of open flames because it might
create a spark that could cause fire if there is gas leak.
Never light a cigarette for the same reason that there can
be a gas leak in the area.
Run outside the house if you have time.
What to do after the earthquake:
Check every member of the family. If
someone is hurt, apply first aid.
Do not go inside your house immediately
because there are often aftershocks.
Check for damages inside the house.
Shut off the main switch of the electricity.
Stay away from damaged buildings.
Report damages immediately.
Seek help if there are problems.
A volcanic hazard refers to any potentially
dangerous volcanic process (e.g. lava flows,
pyroclastic flows, ash). A volcanic risk is any
potential loss or damage as a result of the
volcanic hazard that might be incurred by
persons, property, etc. or which negatively
impacts the productive capacity/sustainability
of a population. Risk not only includes the
potential monetary and human losses, but
also includes a population's vulnerability.
Tropical cyclone, also called typhoon
or hurricane, an intense circular
storm that originates over warm
tropical oceans and is characterized
by low atmospheric pressure, high
winds, and heavy rain.
WINDS: 30-60 kph may be
expected in at least 36 hr
SEA CONDITIONS (Open Sea)
Wave Height: 1.25-4.0 meters

DAMAGE TO STRUCTURE:

Very light or no damage to high risk

structures,
Light to medium and low risk structures
Slight damage to some houses of very
light materials or makeshift structures in
exposed communities.

DAMAGE TO VEGETATION:
Some banana plants are tilted, a few
downed and leaves are generally damaged
Twigs of small trees may be broken.
Rice crops, however, may suffer significant
damage when it is in its flowering stage.
WINDS: 61-120 kph may be
expected in at least 24 hr
SEA CONDITIONS (Open Sea)
Wave Height:4.1-14.0 m
Storm surge possible at coastal
areas.
DAMAGE TO STRUCTURE:
Light to Moderate damage to high risk structures;
Very light to light damage to medium-risk
structures;
No damage to very light damage to low risk
structures
Unshielded, old dilapidated schoolhouses,
makeshift shanties, and other structures of light
materials are partially damaged or unroofed.
Some old galvanized iron (G.I.) roofs may be
peeled or blown off.
Some wooden, old electric posts are tilted or
downed.
Some damage to poorly constructed
signs/billboards.
DAMAGE TO VEGETATION:
Most banana plants, a few mango trees,
ipil-ipiland similar trees are downed or
broken.
Some coconut trees may be tilted with few
others broken.
Rice and corn may be adversely affected.
Considerable damage to shrubbery and
trees with some heavy-foliaged trees blown
down.
WINDS: 121-170 kph may be
expected in at least 18 hr
SEA CONDITIONS (Open Sea)
Wave Height: > 14.0 meters
Storm surge possible at coastal.
DAMAGE TO STRUCTURE:
Heavy damage to high–risk structures;
Moderate damage to medium-risk
structures;
Light damage to low-risk structures
Increasing damage to old, dilapidated
residential structures and houses of light
materials (up to 50% in a community)
Houses of medium strength materials (old,
timber or mixed timber-CHB structures,
usually with G.I. roofings), some
warehouses or bodega-type structures are
unroofed
DAMAGE TO VEGETATION:
Almost all banana plants are
downed, some big trees (acacia,
mango, etc.) are broken or uprooted,
Dwarf-type or hybrid coconut trees
are tilted or downed
Considerable damage to shrubbery
and trees with heavy foliage blown
off; some large trees blown down.
WINDS: 171-220 kph may be expected in
at least 12 hr
SEA CONDITIONS (Open Sea)
Wave Height: more than 14.0 meters
Storm surge 2-3m possible at coastal
areas.
DAMAGE TO STRUCTURE:
Very heavy damage to high –risk structures.
Heavy damage to medium risk structures;
Moderate damage to low-risk structures
Considerable damage to structures of light
materials (up to 75% are totally and partially
destroyed); complete roof structure failures.
Many houses of medium-built materials are
unroofed, some with collapsed walls;
extensive damage to doors and windows
A few houses of first-class materials are
partially damaged
All signs/billboards are blown down.
DAMAGE TO VEGETATION:
There is almost total damage
to banana plantation,
Most mango trees, ipil-
ipiland similar types of large
trees are downed or broken.
Coconut plantation may
suffer extensive damage.
Rice and corn plantation may
suffer severe losses.
Flooding happens during
heavy rains, when rivers
overflow, when ocean waves
come onshore, when snow
melts too fast, or when dams
or levees break. This is the
most common natural-
weather event. Flooding may
be only a few inches of water
or it may cover a house to
the rooftop. Floods that
happen very quickly are
called flash floods.
WINDS: > 220 kph may be expected in at
least 12 hr
A Super Typhoon will affect the locality.

SEA CONDITIONS (Open Sea)

Wave Height: more than 14.0 m
Storm surge more than 3 meters possible at
coastal areas

DAMAGE TO STRUCTURE:

Widespread damage to high-risk structures

Very heavy damage to medium-risk structures
Heavy damage to low-risk structures;
Almost total damage to structures of light in highly exposed
coastal areas.
Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial
buildings. Severe and extensive window and door damage
Most residential and institutional buildings of mixed
construction may be severely damaged.
Electrical power distribution and communication services
severely disrupted.
All signs/billboards blown
Typhoons can hit the Philippines any time of year, with
the months of June to September being most active,
with August being the most active individual month
and May the least active. Typhoons move east to west
across the country, heading north as they go. Storms
most frequently make landfall on the islands of Eastern
Visayas, Bicol region, and northern Luzon[4] whereas
the southern island and region of Mindanao is largely
free of typhoons. Climate change is likely to worsen the
situation with the extreme weather events including
typhoons posing various risks and threats to the
Philippines.
Tornadoes can destroy buildings, flip cars, and create deadly
flying debris. Tornadoes are violently rotating columns of air
that extend from a thunderstorm to the ground. Tornadoes
can:
IF YOU ARE UNDER A TORNADO WARNING, FIND SAFE SHELTER RIGHT AWAY
1. If you can safely get to a sturdy building, then do so immediately.
2. Go to a safe room, basement, or storm cellar.
3. If you are in a building with no basement, then get to a small interior room
on the lowest level.
4. Stay away from windows, doors, and outside walls.
5. Do not get under an overpass or bridge. You’re safer in a low, flat location.
6. Watch out for flying debris that can cause injury or death.
7. Use your arms to protect your head and neck.
• WATERSPOUT