KS3 Chemistry

8F Compounds
and Mixtures

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 Contents

8F Compounds and Mixtures

Comparing elements and compounds

Compound names and formulae

Word equations

Mixtures

Summary activities

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 Properties of elements and compounds
Why is it safe to put sodium chloride on fish and chips…
…but not safe to use sodium and chlorine?

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 Atoms in elements and compounds
Elements are materials made up of one type of atom only.
The element, hydrogen, exists
as molecules.
Each hydrogen molecule is
made up of two hydrogen atoms
H H
joined together.
Compounds contain two or more different types of atom.
The compound, water, exists
as molecules.
Each water molecule consists
of two hydrogen atoms joined
to one oxygen atom.

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 Element or compound?

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 Making a compound – water
A compound is made when atoms of different elements
react and join together.
For example, water is produced from the chemical reaction
between hydrogen and oxygen.

hydrogen + oxygen water

H H
+ O O
H H
Two hydrogen molecules react with one oxygen molecule
to produce two molecules of water.
Why does water have different properties to its elements?

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 Properties of a compound – carbon dioxide
A compound has different properties to the elements from
which it is made because the atoms are joined differently.

carbon + oxygen carbon dioxide

+
Black solid Colourless gas Colourless gas used
used as fuel. in which many in fizzy drinks and
substances burn. fire extinguishers.

C + O O

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 A compound is not a mixture

The atoms in a mixture of

hydrogen gas and oxygen
gas, which have not reacted
with each other, look like this…

The atoms in water, the

compound made when
hydrogen and oxygen react
and their atoms become
chemically joined to each
other, look like this…

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 Contents

8F Compounds and Mixtures

Comparing elements and compounds

Compound names and formulae

Word equations

Mixtures

Summary activities

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 Naming simple compounds
To name simple compounds of metals and non-metals:

1. Write down the name of the metal.

2. Write down the name of the non-metal,
changing the ending of the word to “-ide”.

What is the name of the compound made when the

following elements combine?

 magnesium and oxygen magnesium oxide

 sodium and chlorine sodium chloride

 oxygen and iron iron oxide

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 Naming simple compounds
What is the name of each compound formed by these
metal and non-metal elements?
Element 1 Element 2 Name of compound
iron sulphur iron sulphide
magnesium nitrogen magnesium nitride
sodium chlorine sodium chloride
tin oxygen tin oxide
aluminium bromine aluminium bromide
nickel iodine nickel iodide
zinc sulphur zinc sulphide
lithium nitrogen lithium nitride

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 Naming further compounds
Many compounds contain more than two elements.
For compounds containing two elements plus oxygen,
the ending of the other non-metal usually changes to “-ate”.

Element 1 Element 2 Element 3 Name of compound

nickel sulphur oxygen nickel sulphate
magnesium nitrogen oxygen magnesium nitrate
sodium nitrogen oxygen sodium nitrate
copper sulphur oxygen copper sulphate
aluminium bromine oxygen aluminium bromate

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 Composition of compounds
A compound contains atoms from different elements that
are chemically joined together.
A compound always contains a particular amount of
each element. It has a fixed composition.

Compound names can get quite long and complicated,

so the symbols of the elements are used as a shorthand.
The symbols of the elements in a compound are
combined to give the formula of the compound.

What is the formula of

carbon dioxide?

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 Writing a formula
A formula uses the symbols of the elements in a compound.
When there is more than one atom of each element, the
number is always written after the symbol.

carbon dioxide
carbon atom = 1
oxygen atoms = 2
formula = CO2

water
hydrogen atoms = 2
oxygen atom =1
formula = H2O

The formula shows the ratio of atoms in a compound.

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 What is the formula?
What is the formula of each of these compounds?
(In a formula put the metal first as when naming a compound.)

1. Titanium oxide
For every titanium atom there are two oxygen atoms.
Formula = TiO
2
2. Lithium oxide
For every two lithium atoms there is one oxygen atom.
Formula = Li O
2
3. Aluminium chloride
For every aluminium atom there are three chlorine atoms.
Formula = AlCl
3

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 What is the formula?
What is the formula of each of these compounds?
(In a formula put the metal first as when naming a compound.)

1. Silicon chloride
For every silicon atom there are four chlorine atoms.
Formula = SiCl
4
2. Manganese oxide
For every manganese atom there are two oxygen atoms.
Formula = MnO
2
3. Aluminium oxide
For every two aluminium atoms there are three oxygen atoms.
Formula = Al O
2 3

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 What is the ratio of atoms?

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 What does a formula show?

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 Contents

8F Compounds and Mixtures

Comparing elements and compounds

Compound names and formulae

Word equations

Mixtures

Summary activities

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 Writing a word equation
A word equation can be used to describe any chemical
reaction, i.e. any process in which atoms become joined
in different ways.

The steps for writing a word equation are:

1. On the right-handside, put the name of the reactant(s).

If there are two or more reactants, link them with a + sign.

2. In the middle, write down an arrow ().

3. On the right-handside, put the name of the product(s).
If there are two or more products, link them with a + sign.

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 What is the word equation?
Lead reacts with oxygen to form lead oxide.
What is the word equation for this reaction?

lead + oxygen  lead oxide

Why is lead oxide so different to both lead and oxygen?

The lead and oxygen don’t mix, they react to form lead oxide.
This means that the lead and oxygen atoms in the product
are joined differently to the atoms in the reactants .

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 What is the word equation?
Write out word equations for the following chemical reactions.

1. Limestone (calcium carbonate) is heated to make

calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.
calcium carbonate  calcium oxide +carbon dioxide

2. Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid to make

magnesium chloride and hydrogen.
magnesium + hydrochloric acid  magnesium chloride + hydrogen

3. Methane is burnt to make carbon dioxide and water.

methane + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water

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 Contents

8F Compounds and Mixtures

Comparing elements and compounds

Compound names and formulae

Word equations

Mixtures

Summary activities

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 What is a mixture?
A mixture contains two or more
substances that are mixed together
but have not reacted with each other.
Sea water is a mixture of salts, water
and other substances.
A mixture is not the same as a compound:
1. The proportions of the substances in a mixture are not fixed.
2. The properties of a mixture are often an “average” of the
properties of its ingredients (e.g. a mixture of a black and
white powder is grey).
3. The substances in a mixture are just mixed, not chemically
joined, and so it is usually quite easy to separate the
ingredients (e.g. it is easy to get salt from sea water).
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 Element, compound or mixture?

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 Element, compound or mixture?

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 Separating immiscible liquids
Liquids that do not mix are described as immiscible.
Examples of immiscible liquids are water with oil and
water with petrol.
On a small scale, immiscible liquids can be separated
by simply removing the top layer using a pipette.

oil

water oil
water

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 Separating miscible liquids
Liquids that do mix are described as miscible.
Examples of miscible liquids are water with alcohol and
petrol with kerosine.
Miscible liquids can be separated by heating them to boiling.
The components of the mixture have different boiling points
and so will boil off at different temperatures.
A condenser is used to recover the liquids as they boil off.
This piece of apparatus is a tube that has cold water
circulating around the outside. It cools down vapours and
condenses them back to a liquid.
Substances with low boiling points are collected first, while
those with higher boiling points are collected later.

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 Distillation apparatus

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 Separating mixtures
How can each mixture be separated?

Mixture Wanted Method

glass and water glass filter
sea water salt evaporate
sea water water distil
cooking oil and water cooking oil pipette
alcohol and water alcohol distil

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 Experiment to separate a mixture
Reggie has been given a mixture
of salt, sand and water.

He needs to separate these three

substances but cannot remember
how, so Reggie needs your help!

Write an experimental plan for Reggie to follow so that he

will end up with the sand, salt and water in separate
containers.

Start your plan with a list of the equipment that is needed

for separating this mixture. Then write a step by step plan
that is easy for Reggie or anyone else to follow.

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 Contents

8F Compounds and Mixtures

Comparing elements and compounds

Compound names and formulae

Word equations

Mixtures

Summary activities

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 Glossary
atom – The smallest particle that can exist on its own.
boiling point – Temperature at which a pure liquid
becomes a gas.
compound – Substance made up of two or more
different types of atoms that are chemically joined together.
element – Substance made up of only one type of atom.
formula – The symbols and numbers that represent the
ratio of different atoms in a substance.
immiscible – Liquids which do not mix.
miscible – Liquids which do mix.
mixture – Two or more substances that are mixed but
not chemically joined together.

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 Anagrams

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 True or false?

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 Multiple-choice quiz

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