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Dimensional data for Manufacturing

Haris Wahyudi, ST. M.Sc

Fakultas
Teknik

Program Studi
Teknik Mesin
Topics
A. Dimension & manufacture
B. Requirements of engineering drawings
C. Projection Methods
D. Guidelines of dimensioning data
E. Surface Roughness and Surface Finish
F. Graphical symbols to indicate
manufacturing process

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A. Dimension & manufacture
• A final set of drawings providing all the details and
information needed to manufacture and assemble a
finished design.
• It should be emphasized that dimensioning must be
performed in the drawing
• Some processes are inherently capable of producing
better surfaces than others
– Processing cost increases with improvement in surface finish
because additional operations and more time are usually
required to obtain increasingly better surfaces
– Processes noted for providing superior finishes include
honing, lapping, polishing, and superfinishing
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B. Requirements of engineering drawings
• Engineering drawings need to communicate
information that is legally binding by providing a
specification.
• Engineering drawings therefore need to meet
the following requirements:
1. Unambiguous and clear
2. The drawing must be complete
3. The drawing must be suitable for duplication
4. Drawings must be language-independent
5. Drawings need to conform to standards
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B.1 Unambiguous and clear
• Engineering drawings should be unambiguous
and clear.
• For any part of a component there must be only
one interpretation.
• If there is more than one interpretation or
indeed there is doubt or fuzziness within the
one interpretation, the drawing is incomplete
because it will not be a true specification.

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B.2 The drawing must be complete
• The content of an engineering drawing must
provide all the information for that stage of its
manufacture.
• There may be several drawings for several
phases of manufacture, e.g. raw shape, bent
shape and heat-treated.
• Although each drawing should be complete in
its own right, it may rely on other drawings for
complete specification, e.g. detailed drawings
and assembly drawings.
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B.3 The drawing must be suitable for duplication

• A drawing is a specification which needs to be

communicated.
• The information may be communicated
electronically or in a hard copy format.
• The drawing needs to be of a suitable scale for
duplicating and of a sufficient scale such that if
is micro-copied it can be suitable magnified
without loss of quality.

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B.4 Drawings must be language-independent

• Engineering drawings should not be dependent

on any language.
• Words on a drawing should only be used within
the title block or where information of a non-
graphical form needs to be given.
• Thus, there is a trend within ISO to use
symbology in place of words.

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B.5 Drawings need to conform to standards

• The 'highest' standards are the ISO ones that are

applicable worldwide.
• Alternatively standards applicable within
countries may be used.
• Company standards are often produced for very
specific industries.

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C. Projection Methods
• Representing 3D objects in 2D
• Isometric projection
– One view of an object in
which the three axes of
space (x,y,z) appear equally
foreshortened.
• Orthographic projection
– Multiple views of an object
from points of view rotated
about the object's center
through increments of 90°.
The views are positioned
relative to each other.

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Isometric projections are useful for assembly drawings

Nice isometric sketches work well.

Isometric projection with dimensions.

Assembly drawing
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Section views reveal hidden details.

Section views are indicated by the direction of arrows.

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D. Guidelines of dimensioning data
• The term feature refers to surfaces, faces, holes, slots,
corners, bends, arcs and fillets that add up to form an
engineering part.
• Dimensions define the size of a feature or its location
relative to other features or a frame of reference,
called a datum.
• The basic rules of dimensioning:
1. Dimension where the feature contour is shown;
2. Place dimensions between the views;
3. Dimension off the views;
4. Dimension mating features for assembly;

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Guidelines of dimensioning data
 The basic rules of dimensioning (cont.)
5. Do not dimension to the hidden lines;
6. Stagger dimensioning values;
7. Create a logical arrangement of dimensions;
8. Consider fabrication processes and
capabilities;
9. Consider inspection processes and
capabilities.

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Arrangement of Dimensions
• Keep dimension off of the part where possible.
• Arrange extension lines so the larger dimensions are outside of the
smaller dimensions.
• Stagger the dimension value labels to ensure they are clearly defined.

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Basic Dimensioning
A thick continuous line is used for
visible edges and outlines.
A thin line is used for hatching, leader lines,
short centre lines, dimensions and
Line types projections.
Dashed lines are used to show hidden edges
and important hidden detail, for example wall
thickness and holes.
Thin chain lines indicate center lines. Center
lines are used to identify the center of a circle,
cylindrical features, or a line of symmetry.

Center lines

Hidden lines

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Basic Dimensioning
- Always dimension from a common line or
surface (datum). This eliminates the
addition of measurement or machining
inaccuracies that would come from
"chain" or "series" dimensioning.
- Whenever possible dimension lines
should not touch or cross either edge
lines or extension lines.
- Locate as many dimensions as possible
on only one or two sides of an
Anatomy of a dimension
orthographic view.
- Indicate on the drawing the unit of
measure (inches).

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E. Surface Roughness and Surface Finish
• Surface roughness - a measurable characteristic
based on roughness deviations
• Surface finish - a more subjective term denoting
smoothness and general quality of a surface
– In popular usage, surface finish is often used as a
synonym for surface roughness
– Both terms are within the scope of surface textur

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 Four Elements of Surface Texture
1. Roughness - small, finely-spaced deviations from nominal surface
– Determined by material characteristics and processes that formed the
surface
2. Waviness - deviations of much larger spacing
– Waviness deviations occur due to work deflection, vibration, tooling, and
similar factors
– Roughness is superimposed on waviness

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Four Elements of Surface Texture
3. Lay - predominant direction or pattern of the
surface texture

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Four Elements of Surface Texture
4. Flaws - irregularities that occur occasionally on
the surface
– Includes cracks, scratches, inclusions, and similar
defects in the surface
– Although some flaws relate to surface texture, they
also affect surface integrity

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F. Graphical symbols to indicate
manufacturing process

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Dimensioning Holes

• Dimension the diameter of a hole.

• Locate the center-line.
• Use a notes and designators for repeated hole
sizes

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Dimensioning the Radius of an Arc

Dimension an arcs by its radius.

Locate the center of the radius or two tangents to the arc.

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Drilled Holes, Counterbores and Countersinks

• Use the depth symbol to define

the depth of a drilled hole.
• Use the depth symbol or a
section view to dimension a
counterbore.
• Countersinks do not need a
section view.
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Angles, Chamfers and Tapers

• Dimension the one vertex for an angled face, the other vertex is determined by an intersection.
• Chamfers are generally 45 with the width of the face specified.

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Rounded Bars and Slots
• The rounded end of a bar or slot has a radius that is 1/2 its width.
• Use R to denote this radius, do not dimension it twice.
• Locate the center of the arc, or the center of the slot.

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Limits of Size
• All dimensions have minimum and maximum values
specified by the tolerance block.
• Tolerances accumulate in a chain of dimensions.
• Accumulation can be avoided by using a single
baseline.

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 Fit Between Parts
• Clearance fit: The shaft maximum diameter is smaller than the hole minimum diameter.
• Interference fit: The shaft minimum diameter is larger than the hole maximum diameter.
• Transition fit: The shaft maximum diameter and hole minimum have an interference fit,
while the shaft minimum diameter and hole maximum diameter have a clearance fit

Interference Fit Transition Fit

Clearance Fit

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ASME/ANSI Countersink Symbol
• The symbol denotes a requirement for
Countersink Symbol* countersunk holes used to recess flathead
screws.
• The height of the symbol is equal to the
letter height on the drawing, and the
included angle is drawn at 90º. Note that
this symbol is not used in the ISO
(international) standard.
EXAMPLE

.375
.562 X 90º

* This symbol is currently not used in the ISO standard. It has been proposed.

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ASME/ANSI Counterbore Symbol
• This symbol denotes
Counterbore Symbol* counterbore holes used to
recess machine screw heads.

EXAMPLE
.312
.375
.562 .312

.562 .375
OR

* This symbol is currently not used in the ISO standard. It has been proposed.

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Surface texture
• The quality and type of surface texture has a
direct connection with the manufacturing cost,
function and wear of a component.
• The basic graphical symbol is shown below

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Graphical symbols

• Any manufacturing process

permitted

• Material shall be removed

• Material shall not be

removed

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Surface Roughness Specification

• Surface texture symbols in engineering drawings:

– (a) the symbol
– (b) symbol with identification labels
• Values of Ra are given in micro inches; units for other measures
are given in inches
• Designers do not always specify all of the parameters on
engineering drawings

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Comparative Roughness Values

Roughness Ra Typical Processes

25 µm (1000 µ”) Flame Cutting
12.5 µm (500µ”) Sawing, sand casting,
6.3 µm (250µ”) forging, shaping, planing
3.2 µm (125µ”) Rough machining, milling, rough turning, drilling,
and die casting
1.6 µm (63µ”) Machining, turning, milling, die and investment
casting, injection molding, and stamping
0.8 µm (32µ”) Grinding, fine turning & milling, reaming, honing,
injection molding, stamping, investment casting
0.4 µm (16µ”) Diamond Turning, Grinding, lapping, honing
0.2 µm (8µ”) Lapping, honing, polishing
0.1 µm (4µ”) Superfinishing, polishing, lapping

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Surface Properties - Texture and Hardness

Surface Finish
0.4 With Roughness Value
Basic Surface Texture Symbol
(Typically Ra µm or µ”)

2
Material Removal by Machining With Machining Allowance

Hardness
Harden = HDN - may see symbol
Heat Treat = H/T
Rockwell = HRC, HRA etc or Ra or Rc
Brinell = BNL

0.4 HDN to 65 HRC 0.125 DP

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Some Common Steel, Hardness and Surface Finish Specs
Common
Types
Common Steel Specs: (10xx series: xx = % carbon)
• Mild steel (low carbon = up to 30 %): Low cost general purpose 1020
applications, typ. hardening not required
1040,
• Medium Carbon (up to 60%): requiring higher strength; e.g. gears, 1060
axles, con-rods etc.
• High Carbon (> 60%): High wear, high strength; e.g. cutting tools, 1080
springs etc.
Ground Bearing Shaft Examples:
• General Purpose
• 1060: Surface HDN to 55 HRC 0.125 mm deep min.; 0.4 µm (16 µ”)
• 303 Stainless: (natural surface hardness 5 HRC ); 0.4µm (16 µ”)
• Better Finish, Longer Life
• 1020: Case HDN to 65 HRC 0.25 mm deep min.; 0.2µm (8 µ”)
• 440 Stainless: (natural circa 15 HRC); 0.2µm (8 µ”)

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Datums
• It is a theoretical exact point, axis or plane from
which the location or geometric characteristic of
a part feature are established.
• It's a starting point or origin.

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MMC (M) and LMC (L)
• Maximum Material Condition (MMC) refers to a
feature-of-size that contains the greatest
amount of material, yet remains within its
tolerance zone. Some examples of MMC
include:
– Largest pin diameter
– Smallest hole size

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Maximum Material Condition (MMC)
• Least Material Condition (LMC) refers to a
feature of size containing the least amount
of material, yet remains within its
tolerance zone:
– Smallest pin diameter
– Largest hole size

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• The MMC and LMC symbols are, respectively, the letter M or L
inside of a circle. An example use of the MMC symbol is
shown below.

• The boxed symbols can be read "the position of these two

holes may vary within a cylindrical tolerance zone of 0.1
relative to datums A, B, and C when the holes are at their
maximum material condition". In this case, the maximum
material condition for the holes would be at 2.5, or the
smallest hole.
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The Feature Control Frame

• This feature control frame is read as: “The specified feature must lie
perpendicular within a tolerance zone of 0.05 diameter at the
maximum material condition, with respect to datum axis C.
• In other words, this places a limit on the amount of variation in
perpendicularity between the feature axis and the datum axis. In a
drawing, this feature control frame would accompany dimensional
tolerances that control the feature size and position.

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Geometric Characteristic Symbols

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 Straightness
• Straightness is a condition where an element of
a surface, or an axis, is a straight line.
This on the drawing:

(b)

(b) With the pin at maximum diameter

(16.00), the gage will accept the pin with
up to 0.04 variation in straightness
Meanings:

(a)
(a) The maximum diameter of the pin
with perfect form is shown in a gage
with a 16.04 diameter hole
(c)
(c) With the pin at minimum diameter
(15.89), the gage will accept the pin with
up to 0.15 variation in straightness

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Flatness
• Flatness is the condition of a surface having all elements
in one plane
• A flatness tolerance specifies a tolerance zone defined by
two parallel planes within which the surface must lie.

This on the drawing:

Means this:
The surface must lie
between two parallel planes
0.25 apart. The surface
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 Perpendicularity
• Specifying Perpendicularity
– Example: for hole

This on the drawing:

Means this:
Where the thread profile is at MMC, the
feature axis must lie within a cylindrical
zone 0.3 diameter which is perpendicular
to and projects from datum plane A for the
14 specified height. The feature axis must
be within the specified tolerance of
location over the projected height.

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Positional Tolerance

• Minimum distance between hole centres and

the maximum material condition of holes.

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Welds Symbol on Drawings

Width of weld 10
20
20

6 = Weld 6mm fillet 6 20-10 =

weld this side only

6
= Weld 6mm fillet
weld both sides 3

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Terima Kasih
Haris Wahyudi, ST. M.Sc