Solution

Stoichiometry
Jonaya G. Amer, LPT
 Important Terms.....

• Chemical Stoichiometry deals with the

calculation of the amount of reactants and
products in a chemical reaction
• Solution Stoichiometry practically follows the
same procedure in quantifying the amount of
solute and solvent present in aquaeous
solutions
 Making Solutions
• How many grams of NaCl would you need to prepare 200.0
mL of a 5 M solution?
g = M x L x molar mass
g = (5mol/L) (0.2L) (58.44g/mol)
g = 58.44 g
 Practice

• 1. How many g of magnesium bromide

(MgBr2) are found in 6.48 mL of a 0.135 M
aqueous solution?
 Answer:

0.161 g
 Follow-up

• How many mL of HCl would you need to

prepare 200.0 mL of a 5 M solution?
 Dilution

• Dilution is the process of reducing the

concentration of the solute in concentrated
solution
• Concentrated Solution contains higher
amount of solute
 Diluting Solutions

• Often once you have made a stock solution,

you need to dilute it to a working
concentration.
• To determine how to dilute the stock solution,
use the formula:
C1 – concentration of stock
C1V1 = C2V2 C2 - concentration of diluted solution
V1 – volume needed of stock
V2 – final volume of dilution
 Dilution Process

Question 1: What volume of 11.6 M stock hydrochloric acid is needed to prepare 250.
mL of 3.0 M HCl solution?
CstockVstock = CdiluteVdilute

(11.6 M)(Vstock ) = (3.0 M)(0.250 Liters)

Vstock = (3.0 M)(0.250 Liters)
11.6 M

Vstock = 0.065 L (65 mL)

 Your Turn!!!

Q.1: You have a 4.0M stock solution of K3PO4. Describe how to make 1.0L of a 0.75M
solution.

Q.2: You need to make 225 mL of 0.05M H2SO4 solution. How much of a 3.0M stock
solution should you use?

Q.3COncentrated aqueous Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) is is 12 M. What volume of

concentrated hydrochloric acid must be diluted to prepare a 500-mL 3M solution?
 Answers:

1. 0.1875 L
2. 3.75 mL
3. 125 mL
 Titration
• Titration is the process of determining the
volume of the titrant needed to react with the
analyte in the solution.
• Volumetric analysis or volumetric titrimetry, is
a set of analytical methods wherein the amount
of the target analyte in the sample is
determined from the volume of the titrant
needed to completely react with the target
analyte in the solution.
 Key Terms

Indicator is usually added prior to the addition of

the titrant onto the sample being analyzed.
Endpoint is any physical change that the indicator
manifests upon the addition of the titrant
Equivalence point the point where the titrant has
completely reacted with the analyte
 Acid-base Titration

• Svante Arrhenius (1959-1927) describe acid as

a substance the yields H+ ions in water, and base
is a substance that yields OH- ions in water
• Johannes Nicolaus Bronsted (1879-1947) and
Thomas Martin Lowry (1874-1936) defined acid
as proton donor and base as proton acceptor
(Bronsted-Lowry Definition)
 Weak Acids and Bases

• Partially dissociate ( split into separate smaller

atoms, ions, or molecules) in water
• Weak Base: Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH)
• Weak Acid: Acetic Acid (CH3COOH)
 Strong Acids and Bases

• Completely dissociate ( split into separate

smaller atoms, ions, or molecules) in water to
yield cations and anions
Strong Acid: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Strong Base: Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH)
 Example

• In standardizing the NaOH solution, 425.5 mg

of primary standard potassium acid phthalate
or KPH (HKC8H4O4); formula mass = 204. 2
g/mol) was dissolved in distilled water. The
titration of KHP required 38.2 mL of NaOH
solution. What is the molarity of the NaOH
solution?
 Solution

• Equation:
NaOH(aq)+ HKC8H4O(aq) NaKC8H4O4(aq) + H2O(l)
Based on the equation, 1 mole of NaOH is equal to 1 mole NaKC8H4O4. At the
equivalence point , the concentration (molarity or number of moles) of KHP is
equal to the concentration of the NaOH solution.

number of moles of KHP = number of moles of NaOH:

mass of KHP =(molarity of NaOH, mol/L)(Volume of NaOH consumed in L)
(formula mass of KHP, in g/mol)(1 mole KHP/1 mole NaOH)
 or

MaVa = MbVb
Where:
Ma = molarity of acid
Va = molarity of base
Mb = molarity of base
Vb = volume of base
 Example:

• If it takes 54 mL of 0.1 M NaOH to neutralize

125 mL of an HCl solution, what is the
concentration of the HCl?
 Your Turn

1. If it takes 25 mL of 0.05 M HCl to neutralize 345 mL

of NaOH solution, what is the concentration of the
NaOH solution?
2. If it takes 50 mL of 0.5 M Ca(OH)2 solution to
completely neutralize 125 mL of sulfuric acid solution
(H2SO4), what is the concentration of the H2SO4
solution?
3. How many milliliters of 0.360 M H2SO4 are
required to neutralize 25.0 mL of 0.100 M Ba(OH)2?
 Answers:

1. Mb = 0.0036 M
2. Ma = 0.2 M
3. Va = 6.9 mL