INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

MD. RAIHAN BIN RAFIQUE

Evaluation of microprocessor
Company 4 Bit 8 Bit 16 Bit 32 64 Bit
Bit
Intel 4004 8008 8088/ 80386 80586/Pentium,
4040 8080 8086 80486 core2duo,
8085 80186 Quad Core,
80286 core i3, i5,i7

Zilog Z80 Z8000

Z8001
Z8002
Motorola 6800 68006 68020
6802 68008 68030
6809 68010 68040
Important of Learning 8086 microprocessor
 You can not learn about complex microprocessor like core i3 or core i7 until unless you know the basic
grammar which is 8086.
 8086 is not obsoleted.
 Same grade of 8086 processor are massively in use of various application:
 Traffic Light Control
 Remote Control
 LED Display
 Micro Controller
Ignore if you know already :P
 In assembly we use Hexadecimal Number instead of decimal number
 Learn of the Power of 2.

 What is 214 ?
 What is 24H and 1234H in binary?
Basic Computer System

𝜇P
Microprocessor Bus
Memory

Bus

Input / Output
Input / Output Device
I/O devices are used to enter programs and data as inputs and display or print the results as outputs. We are all
familiar with devices such as the keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor etc. Every form of computer system has a set
of I/O devices for human interaction.

 Are they required?

 Are they doing our Program like adding two number?
Memory
Memory is used to store information. It stores two kinds of information
1. Programs
2. Data.
For example: MS Word is a program, and the word documents are its data. Video player is a program, and the
videos are its data. WhatsApp is a program, and the messages are its data, and so on.
All programs and data are stored in the memory, in digitized form ( 1 or 0 )
There are various kind of Memory Devices:
 RAM
Primary Memory
 ROM

 HARD DISK
 Floppy Drive
 CD/DVD Drive Secondary Memory
 PEN DRIVE,…

Each location is identified by its own unique address. Every location contains 1 Byte (8 bits) of data.
Microprocessor
The main function of a μP is to Fetch, Decode and Execute instructions. Instructions are a part of programs.

Firstly, μP fetches an instruction from the memory. It then decodes the instruction. This means, it “understands”
the binary pattern of the instruction, also called its opcode. Upon decoding the opcode, μP understands the
operation to be performed and hence “executes” the instruction. This entire process is called an “Instruction
cycle”.

Add CL, BL

** Of course, by advanced concepts like pipelining, multitasking, multiprocessing etc., this procedure has
become very advanced and efficient today
BUS
There are three kind of BUS:
1. Address Bus
2. Data Bus Address Data
3. Control Bus This is wrong, we will discuss later
00000H 34H
00001H 12H
Address Bus: 8086 has a 20-bit address bus, hence it can access 220
Byte memory i.e. 1MB. The address range for this memory is
00000H … FFFFFH.
FFFFFH
Data Bus: 8086 has a 16-bit data bus i.e. it can access 16 bit data in
one operation. Its ALU and internal data registers are also 16-bit.
Hence 8086 is called as a 16-bit µP.
𝑅𝐷 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 > 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙 > 𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑎
Control Bus: The control bus carries the signals responsible for 𝑊𝑅 𝐴𝑑𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 > 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 > 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑙
performing various operations such as 𝑅𝐷, 𝑊𝑅 etc.
Pipelining
Pipelining is one of the biggest reason for why processor become faster and faster in every updates of
microprocessor.

Processor Can Become faster if:

1. Increase Bus Line [but then again how many line you want to connect with the microprocessor. For Pentium
1 and now on the bus line are same 64 bit but still its increasing the speed]
2. Clock Speed [True but this is again not the only big reason and not changing in every update]
3. Pipelining [was not there in 8085 but after 8086 there are always pipelining ]
Non Pipelining microprocessor : 8085

Pipelining microprocessor : 8086

 8086 have two different unit (BIU and EU) that’s the reason it is possible to pipelining.
 Then it come 3 stage pipelining, then 4 then 5 with parallel pipelining (supper scalar pipelining)
 It have a problem when there is a brunch -> thus came brunch prediction algorithm
8086 Architecture