HOW CELLS

DIVIDE?

PREPARED BY:
LICA VANESSA G. BIṄAS
SST 1
 INTRODUCTION

The ability of organisms to produce more of their own kind is the one characteristic
that best distinguishes living things from nonliving matter. This unique capacity to
procreate, like all biological functions, has a cellular basis. Rudolf Virchow, a German
physician, put it this way in 1855: “Where a cell exists, there must have been a
preexisting cell, just as the animal arises only from an animal and the plant only
from a plant.” He summarized this concept with the Latin axiom “Omnis cellula e
cellula,” meaning “Every cell from a cell.” The continuity of life is based on the
reproduction of cells, or cell division. 2
 CELL DIVISION

Process by which a cell divides to form two

new cells (daughter cells)

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 TYPES OF CELL DIVISION
Prokaryotes:
Binary Fission
Eukaryotes:
Mitosis
Meiosis
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WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE?
Reproduction

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WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE?
Growth & Development

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WHY DO CELLS DIVIDE?
Tissue Renewal

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 BACTERIAL
CELL DIVISION

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Bacteria divide as a way of reproducing
themselves. Although bacteria exchange DNA,
they do not have a sexual cycle like
eukaryotes. Thus all growth in a bacterial
population is due to division to produce new
cells. The reproduction of bacteria is clonal—
that is, each cell produced by cell division is an
identical copy of the original cell
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•In binary fission, the chromosome
replicates (beginning at the origin of
replication), and the two daughter
chromosomes actively move apart
•The plasma membrane pinches inward,
dividing the cell into two
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 BINARY FISSION
3 Main Steps:
DNA Replication
DNA is copied, resulting in 2 identical chromosomes
Chromosome Segregation
2 chromosomes separate, move towards ends of cell
Cytokinesis
cytoplasm divides, forming 2 cells 11
Figure 12.12-1
Origin of Cell wall
replication Plasma membrane
E. coli cell
Bacterial chromosome
1 Chromosome Two copies
replication of origin
begins.
Figure 12.12-2
Origin of Cell wall
replication Plasma membrane
E. coli cell
Bacterial chromosome
1 Chromosome Two copies
replication of origin
begins.

2 Replication Origin Origin

continues.
Figure 12.12-3
Origin of Cell wall
replication Plasma membrane
E. coli cell
Bacterial chromosome
1 Chromosome Two copies
replication of origin
begins.

2 Replication Origin Origin

continues.

3 Replication
finishes.
Figure 12.12-4
Origin of Cell wall
replication Plasma membrane
E. coli cell
Bacterial chromosome
1 Chromosome Two copies
replication of origin
begins.

2 Replication Origin Origin

continues.

3 Replication
finishes.

4 Two daughter
cells result.
What are the different
types of cell division?

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Explain the steps of
binary fission.

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CHROMOSOME

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CHROMOSOME
Contains the genetic
material :DNA & RNA

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CHROMATIN
the chromosomal material in
its decondensed, threadlike
state

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KEY CONCEPT
Each chromosome contains
hundreds to thousands of genes-
the functional unit of heredity.
Genome – organism’s complete
DNA sequence.
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The process by which a cell
divides to form two new cells

CELL DIVISION
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Why do cells divide?

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CELL CYCLE

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PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE
M Phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)

Interphase (cell growth and

copying of chromosomes in
preparation for cell division)

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INTERPHASE
Subphases:
G1 Phase (“first gap”)
S Phase (“synthesis”)
G2 Phase (“second gap”)
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KEY CONCEPT
The cell grows during all three
phases, but chromosomes are
duplicated only during the
S phase
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MITOSIS
Subphases:
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase 31
Figure 12.6

INTERPHASE

G1 S
(DNA synthesis)

G2
What are the phases of
the cell cycle?

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CONTROL OF
THE CELL
CYCLE
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THE CELL CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
• The sequential events of the cell cycle are directed by
a distinct cell cycle control system, which is similar to
a clock
• The cell cycle control system is regulated by both
internal and external controls
• The clock has specific checkpoints where the cell cycle
stops until a go-ahead signal is received
Figure 12.15
G1 checkpoint

Control
system S
G1

M G2

M checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
THE CELL CYCLE CONTROL SYSTEM
• For many cells, the G1 checkpoint seems to be
the most important
• If a cell receives a go-ahead signal at the G1
checkpoint, it will usually complete the S, G2, and
M phases and divide
• If the cell does not receive the go-ahead signal,
it will exit the cycle, switching into a nondividing
state called the G0 phase
Figure 12.16

G0
G1 checkpoint

G1 G1

(a) Cell receives a go-ahead (b) Cell does not receive a

signal. go-ahead signal.
The Cell Cycle Clock: Cyclins and
Cyclin-Dependent Kinases
• Two types of regulatory proteins are involved in cell cycle
control: cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks)
• Cdks activity fluctuates during the cell cycle because it is
controled by cyclins, so named because their concentrations
vary with the cell cycle
• MPF (maturation-promoting factor) is a cyclin-Cdk
complex that triggers a cell’s passage past the G2
checkpoint into the M phase
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What regulatory proteins
are involved in the cell
cycle control?

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