Influence On Crack Width And Crack Pattern

Due To Size Effect In RCC And Fiber

Reinforced Concrete Moderate Deep Beam

RUSHABH DOBARIA
Under Guidance of
Dr. V.R.Patel
Mr. H.K patel
INDEX
1.INTRODUCTION
2.NEED OF STUDY
3.LITERATURE REVIEW
4.OBJECTIVES
5.MATERIAL CALCULATIONS
6.WORK SCHEDULE
7.PHOTOGRAPHS
8.REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION
• l/D ≥ 6.0
Shallow beams • a/D >2.5

Beam classification : Moderate Deep • 2.0<l/D<6.0

Beams • 1.0<a/D<2.5

• 0.5<l/D≤2.0
Deep Beams • a/D<1.0

Deep Beam:
As per IS 456:2000 (page no.51,clause no.29.1) a beam shall be deemed to be a deep beam when
the ratio of effective span to over all depth (l/D) is less than:
1. 2.0 for simply supported
2. 2.5 for continuous beam.
• Shallow beams are characterized by linear strain distribution and most of the load is transferred
through a fairly uniform compression field. It can be analyzed by pure bending theory based on
assumption that plane section normal to the axis remain plain after bending. Shallow beams resist
transverse loading mainly by flexure and shear stresses. Shallow beams fails under flexure failure
as it has very low flexure strength as compared to its shear strength.
•Moderate deep beams differ from shallow beams considerably. Flexure strength is comparable to
shear strength or almost equal in case of moderate deep beams and hence failure of such type of
beam is flexure-shear failure. As the beam becomes shorter or deeper the stress distribution
becomes non-linear.
•Deep beams behaves entirely different from normal beams. Normal pressure has great effect on
stress distribution and hence stress distribution no longer remains linear. It has very high flexure
strength as compare to its shear strength and hence type of failure is mainly shear failure.
Application :
•Tall buildings
•Off shore structures
•Water tanks
•Bunkers and silos
•Pile caps
•Girders
•Multistory car parking buildings
•Shopping malls
•Ring Beam of nuclear reactors
FIBROUS CONCRETE:
• Fibrous concrete can be defined as the cement based mixture incorporated with short discrete
discontinuous fibers. The mixture can be either a cement paste or mortar or concrete.
•The use of strong and stiff fibers in concrete improves the post cracking performance of concrete
considering reserved strength. After micro cracking, fibers spanning the cracks, control crack
propagation and control the rate of widening of cracks under tensile loading. This role of fibers
impart ductility of concrete and delays its failure. After sufficient widening of cracks at higher load,
short fibers starts pulling out which consumes energy and hence toughness and impact resistance of
concrete increases.
•Advantages:
1)Avoids micro cracking of concrete
2)Reduces segregation of mix
3)Improves shear strength of matrix
NEED OF STUDY
•Due to wide range of application of deep and moderate deep beam as in tall building, off shore
structures, water tanks, Bunkers and silos, Pile caps, Girders, Multistory car parking buildings,
Shopping malls, Ring Beam of nuclear reactors it is necessary to study the crack width and crack
pattern and to correlate the size effect parameter in crack width formula.
•Possessing many advantages, fibrous concrete enhances the property of concrete like compressive
strength, toughness, fatigue etc. which will help in bridging the crack and dissipate the energy by
absorption while pulling out of fibrous.
•The tensile behavior of fiber-reinforced concrete is recognized as being superior to that of
ordinary concrete, and since immense use of moderate deep beam, it is important to evaluate
crack width and pattern and to incorporate the size effect parameter in the study.
LITERATURE REVIEW
1.Prediction of crack width for fiber reinforced polymer reinforced concrete beams by sameh R. salib
and George Abdel-Sayed (ACI Structural Journal/July –August 2004.)
A report published in 1972 (ACI committed 224) outline the formulas developed to predict the maximum
crack width in steel reinforced concrete beams. One of these formulas was developed by Gergely and Lutz
(1968) as follows,
3
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥 =0.076×10-3 ×f ×ß × 𝑑 ∗ 𝑎 mm
Where, a= tension area per bar
d=concrete cover of outer most bar measured from the center of that bar
f=tensile stress in longitudinal bars
𝑊𝑚𝑎𝑥= max crack width measured at the extreme beam bottom level
ß = ratio of distance to the neutral axis from the extreme beam bottom level and from the centroid
of longitudinal bars
Conclusion:
•The original formula developed by gergely and lutz has been modified for FRP reinforced
concrete taking into account the difference between steel and FRP bars regarding the mechanical
properties as well as bond characteristics.
•The proposed modification for the mathematical can be imposed into other crack width formulas
for steel reinforced concrete beams to be applicable when using FRP bars.
•The results of the proposed formula have been found in batter agreement with the corresponding
experimental results than those obtained by current design guidelines for FRP reinforced concrete
beams.
2. Experimental investigation and identification of single and multiple cracks in synthetic
fiber concrete beams. by Masoud Ghahremannejad*, Maziar Mahdavi, Arash Emami Saleh, ina
Abhaee, Ali Abolmaali (ELSEVIER - Case Studies in Construction Materials 9 (2018) )
Research experimentally identified and investigated cracks in concrete beams reinforced with
synthetic fibers. Synthetic fiber volume fractions of 0.5% and 1% were used to prepare the
specimens, and the results were compared with those of concrete beams with no synthetic fibers.
digital image correlation (DIC) method was utilized to record the width, spacing, number, and
locations of the cracks for all the specimens during the displacement control-type loading.
Conclusion:
•Using synthetic fibers up to 1% of volume fraction does not affect the pre-crack load-bearing
capacity of unreinforced concrete beams but post-crack behavior is more compare to 0.5% fiber
dosage.
•Synthetic fibers collaborate with steel reinforcement to tolerate tensile stress, and using them
increases the failure load of R.C. beams.
•The total crack width and the number of cracks are decreased when 1% synthetic fiber dosage is
added to the concrete mix.
•At a specific load, higher amounts of synthetic fibers reduce the beams’ mid-span deflection
3. Quantification of shear cracking in reinforced concrete beams By Biao Hua, Yu-Fei Wu
This paper presents an experimental work and analysis of test results on diagonal cracking
behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) beams that failed in shear. The strain distributions of
transverse reinforcement , obtained by closely spaced strain gauges mounted inside transverse
reinforcement without disturbing bond, are presented in a form of contour lines at different load
levels. The diagonal crack width, average principal and shear strain fields of the shear span were
obtained by using the digital image correlation(DIC).
Conclusion:
The strain field of transverse reinforcement varies significantly when load increases from 25% to
75% of peak strength, after which the patterns of both the transverse reinforcement strain and
crack distribution stabilize while its magnitude further increases with loading. However, the
patterns of transverse strain field and cracks do not change significantly in pre-cracked beams.
Good proportionality is observed between the maximum crack width and average principal tensile
strain on the surface of beam as well as average strain of transverse reinforcement.
The maximum width of CDC(critical diagonal crack) is about 1.5 times the average width of
diagonal cracks.
4.Experimental investigation of crack propagation and crack branching in lightly
reinforced concrete beams using digital image correlation. (By Tahreer M. Fayyad, Janet M.
Lees)
•An experimental investigation was therefore undertaken to explore the cracking process in lightly
reinforced concrete (RC) beams and to observe the details of the localized fracture process zone
development. More specifically, the aims were to investigate the relationships between beam
height (120 mm, 220 mm and 320 mm), steel reinforcement ratio (0.1–0.5%), ductility and the
onset of crack branching. RC beams were tested in three-point bending and experimental surface
strains and crack openings were inferred using digital image correlation (DIC).
•In the larger beams the branching developed at a lower relative height and a greater reinforcement
ratio led to a shallower branching angle. These observations were associated with ductility
measures for lightly reinforced concrete beams.
Conclusion:
•In reinforced concrete, the crack initially propagates in the shape of a single narrow slightly
curved band. However, the presence of the reinforcement prevents premature fracture and results
in the development of crack branching where the single crack bifurcates. The combination of this
bifurcation and cracking results in the failure of the compression zone.
•Crack branching generates a larger surface area that absorbs energy. Hence more energy is needed
for the crack to propagate and this affects the ductility of RC beams. It was found that increasing
the beam size or the reinforcement ratio increases the ductility of RC beams according to a
conventional definition of ductility.
5. Micro Mechanical Cracks And Deformations Study of SFRP Deep Beam by Anant Parghi,
C D Modhera, D L Shah.
Investigation of inclusion of steel fibers in concrete on crack and deformation characteristics of
deep beams for various span-to-depth ratios is carried out. The complete load-deflection response,
along with cracking characteristics, modes of failure, tensile strain in the main steel bar and
ductility of beam were investigated experimentally. Straight steel fibers 0.5 mm diameter were
used at 1% volume fraction with aspect ratio 100.
The primary cause of failure was in the form of splitting of the beam along the diagonal cracks
extending from D/2 to D/3 towards the loading points.
All SFRC beams exhibited large deflection at failure, indicating high ductility and energy
absorption property.
OBJECTIVES
•To study the crack pattern and modes of failure of moderate deep beam.

•To determine the load corresponding to first crack produced in moderate deep beam.

•To incorporate the size effect parameter in crack width prediction formula from the obtained
results of different size of moderate deep beam with constant shear span to depth ratio(a/d).
MATERIAL CALCULATIONS
1. Concrete:
Concrete mix proportioning for M25 grade is shown in Table 1. The water-cement
ration(w/c) is assumed to be 0.45. To achieve good workability, slump value is kept 100mm.
Table 1
Concrete mix proportions.

Ingredient Cement(kg/m3) Water(kg/m3) Coarse sand(kg/m3) Polypropylene

aggregate(kg/m3) fibers
20mm 10mm
Quantity 378 170 887 380 968 0.7%

Mix proportioning of Concrete (1) (1) (Autosaved).xls

2. Steel calculation:
% of steel for c/s = 0.5
Beam name Length(mm) width(mm) depth(mm) Ф (mm) No of bars
A2 900 75 225 8 2
B 1000 75 275 10 2
C 1100 75 325 10 2
D 1200 75 375 10 2
E 1300 75 425 12 2
F 700 75 175 8 2
A1 900 75 225 8 2
H 1100 75 275 10 2
I 1300 75 325 10 2
J 1500 75 375 10 2
WORK SCHEDULE
august
Literature review
September

October
Casting of beams
November

December
Testing of beams & shear parameter
prediction
January

February
FEM analysis
march

April & may Thesis writing

PHOTOGRAPHS

Fig.1Reinforcement cutting
Fig 2. Bending of bars according Fig 3. mold preparation
to beam length
Fig 4. Material
Fig 5. Fibrous fresh concrete
REFERENCES
1) IS 456: 2000, Code practice for plain and reinforced concrete, Indian standard institute, New
Delhi.

2) Sameh R. Salib and George Abdel-Sayed, “ Prediction of crack width for fiber reinforced polymer
reinforced concrete beams”, ACI Structural journal/July-August 2004.

3) Tahreer M. Fayyad, Janet M. Lees, “Experimental investigation of crack propagation and crack
branching in lightly reinforced concrete beams using digital image correlation”, Elsevier, April 2017

4) Masoud Ghahremannejad, Maziar Mahdavi, Arash Emami Saleh, Ina Abhee, Ali Abolmaali,
“Experimental investigation and identification of single and multiple cracks in synthetic fiber
concrete beams”, ELSEVIER – Case Studies in Construction Materials 9 (2018).

5) Anant Parghi, C D Modhera, D L Shah, “Micro Mechanical Cracks And Deformations Study of
SFRP Deep Beam”
THANK YOU