ANGLE

MODULATION

Presented By:
ENGR. CHRISTOPHER M. CLITAR
ECE, ECT
 ANGLE
MODULATION

• Results whenever the

phase angle(Θ) of a
sinusoidal wave is
varied with respect to
time.
• First introduced in
1931 as an alternative
to amplitude
modulation.
 ANGLE
MODULATION

General Form:

vc(t) = Vcsin[2pfct + q(t)]

Where:
vc(t) = angle-modulated wave
Vc = peak carrier amplitude
2pfct = carrier radian frequency
q(t) = instantaneous phase of
the carrier
 ANGLE
MODULATION
 ANGLE
MODULATION

Two Forms of Angle

Modulation

1. Frequency Modulation

2. Phase Modulation
 ANGLE
MODULATION
• Advantages:
 Noise reduction
 Improved system
fidelity
 Efficient use of power
 Disadvantages:
Requires a wider bandwidth
Utilizes more complex
circuits in both transmitter
and receiver.
 FREQUENCY
MODULATION
• Varying the frequency
of a constant
amplitude carrier
directly proportional
to the amplitude of
the modulating signal
at a rate equal to the
frequency of the
modulating signal.
 FREQUENCY
MODULATION
Mathematical Analysis
1. Instantaneous Phase
q(t) Deviation

2. Instantaneous Phase
w c(t) + q(t)
3. Instantaneous Frequency
q’(t) Deviation

4. Instantaneous Frequency
w c + q’(t)
 FREQUENCY
MODULATION
Frequency Deviation
d = KVm The amount of
change in carrier
Where: frequency produced by
d = frequency the modulating signal.
deviation
K = deviation
sensitivity
Vm = peak
modulating signal
voltage
 FREQUENCY
MODULATION

  m= Modulation Index
is the ratio of
Where: deviation and the
m = modulation modulation signal.
index
d = frequency
deviation (Hz)
fm= modulation
signal (Hz)
 FREQUENCY
MODULATION

CS =2 d Carrier Swing
The peak-to-peak
Where: frequency deviation.
CS = Carrier
Swing
d = frequency
deviation
 FREQUENCY
MODULATION

Percent Modulation
the ratio of the
frequency deviation
Where:
Df(actual) = actual actually produced to
frequency deviation. the maximum
Df(max) = maximum frequency deviation
allowed frequency allowed by law stated
deviation in percent form.
 FREQUENCY
MODULATION

Deviation Ratio
the worst case
modulation index and is
Where: equal to the maximum
D = Deviation peak frequency deviation
Ratio divided by the maximum
d (max) = maximum modulating signal
peak frequency frequency. The worst case
deviation modulation index produces
f(max) = maximum the widest output
modulating signal frequency spectrum.
frequency
 FREQUENCY
MODULATION

Bandwidth Requirement
*Low index modulation
Where: B = 2fm
B = minimum *high index modulation
bandwidth B = 2Df
fm = modulating
*Bessel Function
signal frequency
Df = peak B = 2(nxfm)
frequency deviation *Carson’s Rule
n = number of B = 2(Df+fm)
significant sidebands
Bessel Table
FM Spectrum

fc- fm fc+ fm
fc- 3fm fc+ 3fm

… …
fc- 2fm fc fc+ 2fm

theoretical FM bandwidth: INFINITE!!!

Bandwidth with varying m
For an FM modulator with a
modulation index m=1, a
modulating signal vm(t) =
Vmsin(2p1000t), and an
unmodulated carrier vc(t) =
10sin(2p500kt), determine
a. Number of sets of
significant side
frequencies
b. Their amplitudes
c. Draw the frequency
spectrum showing their
relative amplitudes.
A system uses a deviation
of 100 kHz and a
modulating frequency of
15 kHz. What is the
approximate bandwidth?

A. 260 kHz
B. 230 kHz
C. 200 kHz
D. 180 kHz
At what frequency of
the modulating
signal, does noise
interferes most?

A. Low frequency
B. High frequency
C. Medium Frequency
D. All of the above
Using Carson’s Rule, what
is the bandwidth of an FM
signal with 5kHz
maximum frequency
deviation and 2.5kHz
maximum modulating
frequency?

A. 15 kHz
B. 10 kHz
C. 30 kHz
D. 5 kHz
Calculate the maximum
bandwidth required of a
standard FM broadcast
station.

A. 100 kHz
B. 182 kHz
C. 180 kHz
D. 175 kHz
What frequency deviation
is caused by noise in an
FM receiver which has an
input S/N of 2.8 and the
modulating frequency of
1.5 kHz?

A. 647.8 kHz
B. 356.8 kHz
C. 235.8 kHz
D. 547.8 kHz
Frequency and Phase
Modulators

Direct FM Modulators
is an angle
modulation in which
the frequency of the
carrier is varied directly
by the modulating
signal.
Frequency and Phase Modulators
Varactor Diode Modulators
Frequency and Phase Modulators
FM reactance modulators
Frequency and Phase Modulators
Direct PM modulators
What is the frequency
swing of an FM broadcast
transmitter when
modulated 80%?

A. 60 kHz
B. 45 kHz
C. 55 kHz
D. 30 kHz
What is the modulation
index of an FM
transmitter whose
frequency deviation is
50khz, while its audio
frequency is 10 kHz?

A. 6 kHz
B. 4 kHz
C. 5 kHz
D. 3 kHz
In FM broadcasting, what
is the carrier frequency in
MHz of a station with a
channel number of 285?

A. 104.9 kHz
B. 105.9 kHz
C. 108.9 kHz
D. 103.9 kHz
A phase locked loop has a
VCO with a free-running
frequency of 10 MHz. As
the frequency of the
reference input is
gradually raised from
zero, the loop locks at 8
MHz and comes out of
lock again at 14MHz.
Determine the lock range.
A. 16 MHz
B. 8 MHz
C. 7 MHz
D. 9 MHz
A phase-locked loop has a
VCO with a free running
frequency of 14 MHz. As
the frequency of the
reference input is
gradually raised from zero,
the loop locks at 12 MHz
and comes out of lock
again at 18 MHz. Calculate
the capture range.

A. 2 MHz
B. 8 MHz
C. 4 MHz
D. 1 MHz
Find the deviation ratio of
an FM broadcast
transmitter if the
frequency of the
modulating signal varies
from 30 Hz to 20 kHz.

A. 4.75
B. 2.75
C. 7.75
D. 3.75
An FM modulator has a
sensitivity equal to 2
kHz/V with a rated system
deviation of 3 kHz.
Calculate the carrier swing
if 0.5 V signal is applied to
the modulator.

A. 4 kHz
B. 2 kHz
C. 7 kHz
D. 3 kHz
The resonant frequency of
a varactor-tuned oscillator
is 15 MHz when the tuning
voltage of the varactor
reaches 10V. What is the
maximum capacitance of
the varactor given the
situation above if the
inductance of 25 mH is
used?

A. 10.6 pF
B. 12.6 pF
C. 20.6 pF
D. 3 pF