Networking

Technologies and E-
Commerce

Dr. Devendra Kumar Punia

d.punia@fsm.com
http://www.linkedin.com/in/devendrakpunia/
Course outline
 Objectives
 Introduce major concepts of data communication,
networking, LAN, WAN, Wireless LAN, Mobile
computing, Internet, Intranet
 Explain functioning of WWW, underlying
infrastructure and technology
 Introduce Electronic Commerce with enabling
infrastructure, payment systems, security, social
and legal issues
 Text Book
 E-commerce business, Technology, Society,
Kenneth C Laudon & Carol Guercio Traver, Pearson
education, India Reprint 2003
Assessment
 Total marks 100
 Quiz and Assignments 5
 Case studies, class participation, 15
presentation
 Mid Term Exam 20
 Project Presentation 20
 End Term Exam 40
What is telecommunication?
 Telecommunication
 Transfer of meaningful information from sender to receiver
over cable or wireless media
 Includes all of the hardware and software necessary for its
transmission and reception
 Telephony
 Limited to transmission of sound over wire or wireless
 Assumes temporarily dedicated point-to-point connection
rather than broadcast connection
 Telegraphy
 Limited to transmission of dash (long beep) and dot (short
beep) over wire or wireless

 Distinction between Telecom and Telephony

 Difficult to distinguish because of the use of digital techniques
(binary bits) for transmitting any form of information (audio,
video or data)
History of telecom: an overview
 1837: Samuel Morse invents the telegraph
 1858: Transoceanic telegraph cable is laid
 1876: Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
 1885: Incorporation of AT&T
 1888: Hertz discovers the electromagnetic wave
 1895: Marconi begins experimenting with wireless telegraph
 1906: First radio built
 1920: First commercial radio broadcast
 1969: ARPANET was funded by the DARPA
 1978: Unix-to-Unix copy program
 1981: Development of CSNET and BITNET
 1982: Term Internet is coined
 1986: Establishment of NSFNET
 1989: CSNET and BITNET merge to form CREN
 1990: WWW becomes part of the Internet
Communication System Model…
Communication System Model
Classification of data networks…
 Classification by Spatial Distance
 LAN (Local Area Network)
 Less than 5 km, private, Mbps to Gbps
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 5 to 50 km, private/public, kbps to Mbps
 WAN (Wide Area Network)
 More than 50 km, private/public, kbps to Mbps
Classification of data networks…
 Classification by Topology
 Ring
 Bus
 Star
 Tree
 Mesh
 Hybrid
Classification of data networks…
 By Switching Technology
 Circuit Switching
 Connection-oriented networks, ideal for real-time applications,
guaranteed quality of service
 Message Switching
 Store-and-forward system
 Packet Switching
 Shared facilities, Used for data communications
 Cell Switching
 Fast processing of fixed length cells
Classification of data networks…
 Type of Information
 Data Communications
 Digital transmission of information
 Voice Communications
 Telephone communications
 Video Communications
 Cable TV or video conferencing
Classification of data networks…
 By Computing Model
 Distributed Computing
 Client/Server set-up
 Centralized Computing
 Thin-client architecture
Classification of data networks…
 By Ownership
 Public Network
 Owned by a common carrier
 Private Network
 Built for exclusive use by a single organization
 Virtual Private Network
 Encrypted tunnels through a shared private or public
network
Standards
 Importance
 Provide a “fixed” way for hardware and/or software systems
(different companies) to communicate
 Help promote competition and decrease the price

 Types of Standards
 Formal standards
 Developed by an industry or government standards-making
body
 De-facto standards
 Emerge in the marketplace and widely used
 Lack official backing by a standards-making body
Standardization process
 Specification
 Developing the nomenclature and identifying the problems to
be addressed

 Identification of choices
 Identifying solutions to the problems and choose the
“optimum” solution

 Acceptance
 Defining the solution, getting it recognized by industry so
that a uniform solution is accepted
Major standards bodies
 ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
 Technical recommendations for data communication interfaces
 Composed of each country’s national standards orgs.
 Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.iso.ch)
 ITU-T (International Telecommunications Union –Telecom Group
 Technical recommendations about telephone, telegraph and data
communications interfaces
 Composed of representatives from each country in UN
 Based in Geneva, Switzerland (www.itu.int)
 ANSI (American National Standards Institute)
 Coordinating organization for US (not a standards- making body)
(www.ansi.org)
 IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers)
 Professional society; also develops mostly LAN standards,
http://standards.ieee.org
 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)
 Develops Internet standards
 No official membership (anyone welcome) (www.ietf.org)
Emerging trends in networking
 Pervasive Networking
 Integration of Voice, Video and Data
 New Information Services
Pervasive networking
 Means “Networks will be everywhere”
 Exponential growth of network use
 Many new types of devices will have network
capability
 Exponential growth of data rates for all kinds of
networking
 Broadband communications
 Use circuits with 256 Kbps or higher (e.g., DSL)
Integration of voice, video & data
 Also called “Convergence”
 Networks that were previously transmitted using separate
networks will merge into a single, high speed, multimedia
network in the near future

 First step largely complete

 Integration of voice and data

 Next step
 Video merging with voice and data
 Will take longer partly due to the high data rates required for
video
New information services
 World Wide Web based
 Many new types of information services becoming available
 Services that help ensure quality of information received over
www
 Application Service Providers (ASPs)
 Develop specific systems for companies such as providing
and operating a payroll system for a company that does not
have one of its own
 Information Utilities (Future of ASPs)
 Providing a wide range of info services (email, web, payroll,
etc.) (similar to electric or water utilities)
Implications for management
 Embrace change and actively seek to use new
aspects of networks toward improving your
organization
 Information moved quickly and easily anywhere and anytime
 Information accessed by customers and competitors globally

 Use a set of industry standard technologies

 Can easily mix and match equipment from different vendors
 Easier to migrate from older technologies to newer
technologies
 Smaller cost by using a few well known standards
 Thanks