adaptation to future needs, a regular shape is needed.
•Typically Hexagonal shape used for(Analysis)representing a cell in planning layouts of Cellular s/m design. Reasons: 1. Tessellation (i.e, shape covering with no gap and no overlap b/w cells) of the geographical area is required. 2. For a given distance b/w the centre of a polygon (BS) and its farthest perimeter points, Hexagon has largest area among Triangle, Square and Hexagon (,so as to ensure less # of cells required in an area i.e, cost factor). 3. Moreover, it approximates ideal circular radiation pattern (that occurs from omnidirectional antenna) without any overlap Cell Geometry contd.., • Actual radio coverage of a cell is known as footprint. This is Random in nature ( & determined from field measurements and propagation prediction models). • Circular shape(ideal power coverage area: Isotropic antenna) not preferred since it results either gap or overlap b/w cells
• With Hexagonal cell model, BS can be in the centre
of cell (so called center-excited cells) or on the vertices of cell (so called Edge-excited cells). • center-excited cells : Omnidirectional antennas • Edge-excited cells : Directional antennas Frequency reuse: • Total geographical area is divided into several clusters (Each cluster is a group of N cells). • Total available channels (frequencies) are allocated to each cluster in a given geographical area i.e, same frequencies are reused in different clusters of given area • “Spatially reuse of frequency in same geographical area” is one of the main feature of Cellular system. • Each Cell (BS) is allocated a group of radio channels from total available channels. • The adjacent cells are assigned with different group of channels then neighboring cells. • Same group of channels can be reused in different cells, of different clusters, that are separated by minimum distance to keep interference in tolerable limit. • co-channel cells: cells with same group of channels. Frequency reuse contd.., • Let S be the total available full duplex channels for a cellular system (i.e, for a service provider / operator) • S channels are allocated to N cells of a cluster, N is called as frequency reuse pattern or cluster size. • Each cell of a cluster gets K channels. S=KN • If M such cluster replications are there in the system (i.e, in a given serving geographical area of operator) then, • Total # of simultaneous calls in system or # of duplex channels in system or capacity of system is C = MKN= MS Observation: System capacity is proportional to M (# of cluster replications in a given area) Frequency reuse contd.., • Typically spectrum allocated a operator is limited, bcz limited spectrum available for RADIO transmission. • So, total # of channel available in system is considered to be fixed(some finite value). • with constant cell size, If N is smaller, M will be larger implies more capacity. • Note: Smaller N implies co-channel cells are nearer (more Co-channel interference (CCI).) • If N is larger, M will be smaller implies less capacity C • Note: Larger N implies co-channel cells are far apart (smaller level of CCI). • TRADE OFF b/w capacity and CCI. Frequency reuse contd.., • From design point of view, Capacity is to be maximized in a given coverage area (i.e, to serve more users with simultaneous calls) with tolerable interference. So, smaller value of N is desirable with tolerable CCI target. • Frequency reuse factor (1/N): what factor of total available channels of system are allocated to each cell. • How to identify co-channel cells? • If N=i2+j2+ij ; where i and j are non-negative integers, 1. From own (considered) cell, move i cells any direction along centers of cells 2. Turn 60 degrees counter clockwise 3. Move j cells along centers of hexagons Q: For fixed N, Increasing the cell size --increases cluster size– but reduces M # of cluster repeati…– decreases C • Fundamental principle to any WC system: • As the demand for service increases (i.e, as more channels are needed within a particular market), the # of BS may be increased (i.e, increase the # of cells, along with corresponding decrease in transmit power to avoid interference). • This ensures increase in radio capacity(# of subscribers) with no additional increase in radio spectrum, by frequency reuse in an area.