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Cell geometry: For systematic system design and

adaptation to future needs, a regular shape is needed.


•Typically Hexagonal shape used for(Analysis)representing
a cell in planning layouts of Cellular s/m design.
Reasons:
1. Tessellation (i.e, shape covering with no gap and no
overlap b/w cells) of the geographical area is required.
2. For a given distance b/w the centre of a polygon (BS)
and its farthest perimeter points, Hexagon has largest
area among Triangle, Square and Hexagon (,so as to
ensure less # of cells required in an area i.e, cost
factor).
3. Moreover, it approximates ideal circular radiation
pattern (that occurs from omnidirectional antenna)
without any overlap
Cell Geometry contd..,
• Actual radio coverage of a cell is known as footprint.
This is Random in nature ( & determined from field
measurements and propagation prediction models).
• Circular shape(ideal power coverage area: Isotropic
antenna) not preferred since it results either gap or
overlap b/w cells

• With Hexagonal cell model, BS can be in the centre


of cell (so called center-excited cells) or on the
vertices of cell (so called Edge-excited cells).
• center-excited cells : Omnidirectional antennas
• Edge-excited cells : Directional antennas
Frequency reuse:
• Total geographical area is divided into several clusters
(Each cluster is a group of N cells).
• Total available channels (frequencies) are allocated to
each cluster in a given geographical area i.e, same
frequencies are reused in different clusters of given area
• “Spatially reuse of frequency in same geographical area”
is one of the main feature of Cellular system.
• Each Cell (BS) is allocated a group of radio channels from
total available channels.
• The adjacent cells are assigned with different group of
channels then neighboring cells.
• Same group of channels can be reused in different cells,
of different clusters, that are separated by minimum
distance to keep interference in tolerable limit.
• co-channel cells: cells with same group of channels.
Frequency reuse contd..,
• Let S be the total available full duplex channels for a
cellular system (i.e, for a service provider / operator)
• S channels are allocated to N cells of a cluster,
N is called as frequency reuse pattern or cluster size.
• Each cell of a cluster gets K channels. S=KN
• If M such cluster replications are there in the system
(i.e, in a given serving geographical area of operator)
then,
• Total # of simultaneous calls in system or # of duplex
channels in system or capacity of system is
C = MKN= MS
Observation: System capacity is proportional to M (# of
cluster replications in a given area)
Frequency reuse contd..,
• Typically spectrum allocated a operator is limited, bcz
limited spectrum available for RADIO transmission.
• So, total # of channel available in system is
considered to be fixed(some finite value).
• with constant cell size, If N is smaller, M will be larger
implies more capacity.
• Note: Smaller N implies co-channel cells are nearer
(more Co-channel interference (CCI).)
• If N is larger, M will be smaller implies less capacity C
• Note: Larger N implies co-channel cells are far apart
(smaller level of CCI).
• TRADE OFF b/w capacity and CCI.
Frequency reuse contd..,
• From design point of view, Capacity is to be maximized in
a given coverage area (i.e, to serve more users with
simultaneous calls) with tolerable interference. So,
smaller value of N is desirable with tolerable CCI target.
• Frequency reuse factor (1/N): what factor of total
available channels of system are allocated to each cell.
• How to identify co-channel cells?
• If N=i2+j2+ij ; where i and j are non-negative integers,
1. From own (considered) cell, move i cells any direction
along centers of cells
2. Turn 60 degrees counter clockwise
3. Move j cells along centers of hexagons
Q: For fixed N, Increasing the cell size --increases cluster
size– but reduces M # of cluster repeati…– decreases C
• Fundamental principle to any WC system:
• As the demand for service increases (i.e, as
more channels are needed within a particular
market), the # of BS may be increased (i.e,
increase the # of cells, along with
corresponding decrease in transmit power to
avoid interference).
• This ensures increase in radio capacity(# of
subscribers) with no additional increase in
radio spectrum, by frequency reuse in an area.

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