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sin θ
y
90°
135° 45°
II I I II
x
180° 0°
0 90° 180° 270° 360° θ
II I IV
III IV
225° 315°
θ sin θ
270°
0 0
π/2 1
π 0
3π/2 −1
2π 0
Sine is 2π Periodic
sin θ
−3π −2π −π 0 π 2π 3π θ
One period
2π
sin θ: Domain: all real numbers, (−∞, ∞)
Range: −1 to 1, inclusive [−1, 1]
90° cos θ
135° 45°
II I
θ cos θ
I IV
180° 0°
x θ 0 1
0 90° 180° 270° 360°
π/2 0
II I IV
II III
π −1
225° 315°
270° 3π/2 0
2π 1
Cosine is a 2π Periodic
cos θ
θ
−3π −2π −π 0 π 2π 3π
One period
2π
cos θ: Domain: all real numbers, (−∞, ∞)
Range: −1 to 1, inclusive [−1, 1]
cos θ is an even function; it is symmetric about the y-axis.
cos(−θ) = cos(θ)
The Tangent Function
sin
tan
cos
When cos θ = 0, tan θ is undefined.
This occurs every odd multiple of π/2: { … −π/2, π/2, 3π/2, 5π/2, … }
−π/2 −1 0 −∞ −π/2 −∞
2 2
−π/4 −1 −π/4 −1
2 2
0 0 1 0 0 0
2 2
π/4 1 π/4 1
2 2
π/2 1 0 ∞ π/2 ∞
Graph of Tangent Function: Periodic
tan θ Vertical asymptotes
where cos θ = 0
sin
tan
cos
θ tan θ
−π/2 −∞
−π/4 −1
−3π/2 −π/2 0 π/2 3π/2 θ
0 0
π/4 1
π/2 ∞
One period: π
tan θ: Domain: θ ≠ π/2 + πn; i.e., odd multiple of π/2 .
Range: all real numbers (−∞, ∞)
tan θ is an odd function; it is symmetric about the origin.
tan(−θ) = −tan(θ)
The Cotangent Function
cos
cot
sin
When sin θ = 0, cot θ is undefined.
Table from θ = 0 to θ = π.
cotθ is π periodic.
0 0 1 ∞ 0 ∞
2 2
π/4 1 π/4 1
2 2
π/2 1 0 0 π/2 0
2 2
3π/4 −1 3π/4 −1
2 2
π 0 –1 −∞ π −∞
Graph of Cotangent Function: Periodic
Vertical asymptotes
cot θ where sin θ = 0
cos
cot
sin
θ tan θ
0 ∞
π/4 1
3π/4 −1
π −∞
cot θ: Domain: θ ≠ πn
Range: all real numbers (−∞, ∞)
cot θ is an odd function; it is symmetric about the origin.
tan(−θ) = −tan(θ)
Cosecant is the reciprocal of sine
Vertical asymptotes
where sin θ = 0
csc θ
0 θ
−3π −2π −π π 2π 3π
sin θ
One period: 2π
θ
−3π −2π −π 0 π 2π 3π
cos θ
One period: 2π