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INTRODUCTION
Theodolite is used to measure the horizontal and
vertical angles.
Line of Sight
Alidade assembly
Vernier theodolite is
also known and
transit.
Horizontal circle
assembly
A transit theodolite is
one in which the
Levelling head assembly
telescope can be
rotated in a vertical
plane.
Three assemblies of Theodolite
Main parts of a theodolite
Levelling head (7): Levelling
head is used to attach the
instrument to tripod and attach
the plumb bob along the vertical
axis of the instrument.
MAIN PARTS-2
Lower plate/circle plate (18): an annular
horizontal plate with the graduations
provided all around, from 0 to 360°, in a
clockwise direction. The graduations are in
degree divided in to 3 parts so that each
division equals to 20 min.
Deg = gon*0.9
Reading a theodolite
Changing face
Revolving the telescope by 180° in vertical plane
about horizontal axis
Again revolving the telescope in horizontal plane
about vertical axis.
Adjustment of the theodolite
Temporary Adjustment
N
B C
A
Deflection Angle
A
Measurement of Deflection Angle
Measurement of Deflection Angle
Measurement of Magnetic Bearing
Measurement of Magnetic Bearing
Ranging and extending a line
Method of traversing
Included angle method
Deflection angle method
Fast angle (or magnetic bearing method)
Included angle method
Included angle method…
Deflection angle method…
Fast needle method
Fast needle method…
Computation of latitude and departure
Latitude of a line is the distances measured
parallel to the north south of the North-South
direction
Departure of the line is the distance measured
parallel to the east-west direction
Computation of latitude and departure
Computation of latitude and departure
Coordinates using Latitude and
Departure
Coordinates using Latitude and
Departure
Coordinates using Latitude and
Departure
Sources of errors in theodolite
Instrumental errors
Non adjustment of plate bubble
Line of collimation not being perpendicular to
horizontal axis
Horizontal axis not being perpendicular to vertical
axis
Line of collimation not being parallel to axis of
telescope
Eccentricity of inner and outer axes
Graduation not being uniform
Verniers being eccentric
. Personal errors
Natural errors
High temperature causes error due to irregular refraction.
High winds cause vibration in the instrument, and this may
lead to wrong readings on verniers
CLOSING ERROR
CLOSING ERROR
CLOSING ERROR (PERMISSIBLE VALUES)
Balancing of traverse
Balancing of traverse
Balancing of traverse
Balancing of traverse…
Balancing of traverse
Balancing of traverse
Balancing of traverse
Balancing of traverse
Balancing of traverse
Balancing of traverse
Balancing of traverse
Balancing of traverse
Gale’s traverse table
Gale’s traverse table…
Gale’s traverse table…
Gale’s traverse table…
Gale’s traverse table…