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Section 2-1
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Section:
ATOMS Questions 1-4
• Basic unit of matter
• Comes from word atomos,
meaning “unable to be cut” further
• Consist of subatomic particles
Particle Charge Location in Atom
Helium
Water
An Element in the Periodic Table
Section 2-1
6
Atomic Number –
Number of protons
(number of electrons) C
Carbon
12.011
Average atomic mass –
Average of all isotopes
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Section:
Elements and Isotopes Questions 5-9
Isotopes
• Atom that differs in number of neutrons they contain
• Identified by their various mass numbers
• Electron number determines chemical property and isotopes
of the same element still have same number of
electrons
Figure 2-2 Isotopes of Carbon
Section 2-1
10% of carbon
has mass of 14
Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-14
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Section:
Chemical Compounds 10-11
Chemical Compound
• Substance formed by chemical
combination (chemically bonded) of two
or more elements Two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen
• Examples:
Chemical FormulaSalt (NaCl),
indicates that one Water (H 20),
Glucose (C6H12O6)
sodium atom for every one chlorine atom
Chemical Bonds 12-18
Chemical Bonds
• Form to make each atom “happy” = full outer electron shell (8 or 2)
• hold atoms in a compounds together
• two types
Ionic Bonding
• When electrons are transferred between atoms one
atom will become positive (if it loses an electron) the
other will become negative (if it gains and electron).
• These are called Ions – atoms that have positive or
negative charge
• Oppositely charged particles are attracted to each
other
• The attraction results in an ionic bond
Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding
Section 2-1
Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transfer
of electron
Protons +11 Protons +17 Protons +11 Protons +17
Electrons -11 Electrons -17 Electrons -10 Electrons -18
Charge 0 Charge 0 Charge +1 Charge -1
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Section:
Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding
Section 2-1
Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transfer
of electron
Protons +11 Protons +17 Protons +11 Protons +17
Electrons -11 Electrons -17 Electrons -10 Electrons -18
Charge 0 Charge 0 Charge +1 Charge -1
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Section:
Chemical Bonds 12-18
Covalent Bonds
• electrons are shared between atoms
so that each is stable (full outer shell)
• results in a Molecule
Chemical Bonds 12-18
Carbon atom = 4 electrons in outer shell Hydrogen atom = 1 atom in outer shell
Carbon wants 8 hydrogen wants two
Chemical Bonds 12-18
H H
adhesion
Adhesion – attraction of molecules of different substances
cohesion