Section Outline

Section 2-1

2–1 The Nature of Matter

A. Atoms
B. Elements
C. Chemical Compounds
D. Chemical Bonds
1. Ionic Bonds
2. Covalent Bonds
3. Hydrogen Bonds

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Section:
ATOMS Questions 1-4
• Basic unit of matter
• Comes from word atomos,
meaning “unable to be cut” further
• Consist of subatomic particles
Particle Charge Location in Atom

Proton Positive Nucleus

Neutron Neutral Nucleus

Electron Negative Outside of Nucleus –

occupying energy levels
ATOMS Questions 1-4
• Atoms are neutral because same number of positive particle (protons) as
negative particles (electrons)
Elements and Isotopes Questions 5-9
Element Not an element
• Elements – Pure substance that
consists of only one type
of atom.
• Those things listed on the periodic
table of elements

Helium
Water
 An Element in the Periodic Table

Section 2-1

Elements and Isotopes Questions 5-9

6
Atomic Number –
Number of protons
(number of electrons) C
Carbon
12.011
Average atomic mass –
Average of all isotopes

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Section:
Elements and Isotopes Questions 5-9
Isotopes
• Atom that differs in number of neutrons they contain
• Identified by their various mass numbers
• Electron number determines chemical property and isotopes
of the same element still have same number of
electrons
 Figure 2-2 Isotopes of Carbon

Section 2-1

10% of carbon
has mass of 14
Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-14

6 electrons 6 electrons 6 electrons

6 protons 6 protons 6 protons
6 neutrons 7 neutrons 8 neutrons

90% of all carbon Radioactivity – lose neutrons

Has mass of 12

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Section:
Chemical Compounds 10-11
Chemical Compound
• Substance formed by chemical combination (chemically bonded) of two
or more elements
• Examples: Salt (NaCl), Water (H20), Glucose (C6H12O6)

Two hydrogen atoms for every one oxygen

Chemical Formula indicates that one

sodium atom for every one chlorine atom
Chemical Bonds 12-18
Chemical Bonds
• Form to make each atom “happy” = full outer electron shell (8 or 2)
• hold atoms in a compounds together
• two types

Covalent Bond Electrons are shared between atoms

so that both have full outer shell

Ionic Bond One or more electrons are transferred

from one atom to another so that each
can have full outer shell
Chemical Bonds 12-18
Ionic Bonding
• When electrons are transferred between atoms one atom will become
positive (if it loses an electron) the other will become negative (if it gains
and electron).
• These are called Ions – atoms that have positive or negative charge
• Oppositely charged particles are attracted to each other
• The attraction results in an ionic bond
 Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding

Section 2-1

Chemical Bonds 12-18

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transfer
of electron
Protons +11 Protons +17 Protons +11 Protons +17
Electrons -11 Electrons -17 Electrons -10 Electrons -18
Charge 0 Charge 0 Charge +1 Charge -1

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Section:
 Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding

Section 2-1

Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)

Transfer
of electron
Protons +11 Protons +17 Protons +11 Protons +17
Electrons -11 Electrons -17 Electrons -10 Electrons -18
Charge 0 Charge 0 Charge +1 Charge -1

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Section:
Chemical Bonds 12-18
Covalent Bonds
• electrons are shared between atoms so that each is stable (full outer
shell)
• results in a Molecule
 Chemical Bonds 12-18

Carbon atom = 4 electrons in outer shell Hydrogen atom = 1 atom in outer shell
Carbon wants 8 hydrogen wants two
Chemical Bonds 12-18

Notice: by sharing electrons

carbon has 8 electrons and
hydrogen has 2 = Happy!
2-2 Properties of Water - Polarity

What is meant by polarity?

Polarity – “like a magnet”

Having a positive end and a
negative end
 Electrons pairs repel each other
“pushing” bonds to an angle
Why is water polar?

1. Water molecules are bend?

H H

2. The electrons are closer to the oxygen than to the hydrogen

Hydrogen Bond – A bond that exists “between” molecules (not within molecules) as
a result of polarity.

Hydrogen bond exists because

the positive end of water sticks to
negative end of hydrogen.
What “observable” properties of water demonstrate that they have hydrogen bonds?

“Co”hesion – Sticking to one another. Water has a tendency to stick each

other

Adhesion – attraction of molecules of different substances

adhesion

cohesion