TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS & SAFETY

ASPECTS OF BOF & CCP

TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
&
SAFETY ASPECTS

BOF
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF SMS COMPLEX TO
PRODUCE 2.5 MILLION TONNES
GCP

Hot Metal Hot metal

Blast Furnace Removal of slag / Desulphurization Scrap charging Oxygen blowing
Pouring charging converter

Ladle furnace Argon rinsing

RH Vacuum
station Tapping
degasser

caster

Storage, Semi Finished

Processing & Dispatch
Slab cutting Slab & Bloom Yard
 BAYS AND CRANES IN BOF
SL. BAYS CRANE (Cap-T) NO.
No.
1 MIXER BAY 125 + 30 2

2 DESULPHURISATION BAY
(JIB CRANE) 5 2

3 SCRAP BAY 30 2

4 CONVERTER BAY
(HM CHARGING CRANE) 180 + 50 2
(SCRAP CHARGING : SEMI PORTAL) 40 + 40 1
5 LADLE PREPARATION BAY
(LADLE CRANE) 75 + 15 2
(CANTILEVER CRANE) 5 3
6 SLAG BAY 100 / 20 2
HOT METAL MIXER: 1300T X 2
 HMDS (HOT METAL DESULPHURIZATION
PLANT)
CALCIUM
Initial sul = 0.04% TO 0.06%
CARBIDE & Target sul = 0.015% TO 0.01%
MAGNESIUM
SULPHER
RICH SLAG Cycle time (total) matching t/t time = 22 mins

Typical injection rate

SLAG SKIMMING CAD - 35 to 45 kg/min
MAG - 8-10kg/min.
Injection time - 7 mins approx.
Temp drop - 1.5°c/min approx
Consumption ratio MAG:CaC2 – 1:5

Temp
TRANSFER LADLE
At Slag
C% Si% Mn% P% S% HMDS Vol
0.13
0.035
Avg/
0.5- 0.18- Avg/ 1290- 1% of
3.9- 0.20
0.8 0.30 0.05 1320 OC HM
4.3 max
max.
.
 HMDS SAFETY POINTS

• Calcium carbide and Magnesium

compound should not have contact with
air and water

• Silo containers should always be

pressurized with nitrogen gas, to stop
ingress of air.
BOF / CONVERTER
 BOF PROPER
WASTE GAS
SYSTEM

OXYGEN LANCE

TAPHOLE

SLAG
OXYGEN JET

STEEL BATH

VESSELS EQUIPPED WITH

• 3 x 130 TON CONVERTERS
•OXYGEN LANCES
• OPERATION MODE : 3/3
•SLAG SPLASHING
• NOs. OF HEAT/ DAY : 65 Avg.
 SALIENT FEATURES OF BOF

• TAP TO TAP TIME : 60 MIN.

• OXY FLOW RATE : 350 - 450 Nm³
• HOT METAL INPUT: 1010 Kg/T
• SCRAP INPUT : 125 Kg/T
• LIME INPUT : 50 Kg/T
• C DOLO INPUT : 28 Kg/T
• YIELD : 90 %

THERE ARE ARRANGEMENTS FOR:

• SCRAP HANDLING
• HOT METAL HANDLING
• FLUX & ADDITIVES HANDLING
• GAS CLEANING PLANT
• STEEL LADLE MANAGEMENT
CROSS SECTION OF CONVERTER
 STEPS FOR PREHEATING OF
CONVERTER
1. Converter bottom should be inspected.
2. Four to Five Tons of coke is added inside the empty converter using scrap
box.
3. Tilt the converter towards tapping side and fix the thermo couple.
4. Throw the lighted torch inside converter.
5. Make the converter vertical.
6. Lower the Oxygen blowing lance to about 2M height.
7. Set oxygen flow to 50-60 NM3/Min.
8. Adjust the flow rate and lance height so as to follow the temperature rise
pattern as per the standard graph.
9. Soak the converter for about ½ hour.
10.Tilt the converter towards tapping side and take out thermocouple.
11.Burn the left over coke if any.
12.Charge the converter with Hot Metal only.
13.Do the Lance calibration to determine the Bath Level.
 PREHEATING OF CONVERTER
Pre Heating Graph

1200
1100 1100
1000
Temperature In Deg. C

800 800
700
600 600
500
400 400
300
200

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
Time In Hours
SCRAP CHARGING

• Scrap is necessary for

controlling temperature.
• 10 to 18 T of scrap is
charged.
• Scrap generated internally
is used.
 SAFETY ASPECTS OF SCRAP
CHARGING

• Converter should be free from liquid slag

before charging

• Scrap should be charged slowly

• Scrap should be free from moisture, grease

& inflammable material
HOT METAL CHARGING

• Slag free hot metal is charged in

the convertor.
• Hot metal to Scrap ratio is 85-
88% to 15-12%.
• Prior to charging ensure that no
person or equipment is working
at ground level in the vicinity.
• Ensure there is no water logging
in the vicinity of Converter area.
 CONVERTER BLOWING
• Blowing is started by bringing the
lance down to a height of 2.6 m
above the bath level.

• Further the lance is slowly brought

to working height i.e. 1.6 m as per
blowing regime.

• Oxygen blowing is done for about

16-20 mins at a pressure of 16
Kg/Cm2 and a flow rate of 350 - 450
Nm3 /min.

• Fluxes are added in required doses

so that slag formation takes place
properly.
 CONVERTER BLOWING REGIME

2.6

2.2
Lance height, m

1.8

1.6

450 400 350 400 450

Nm3/min Nm3/min Nm3/min Nm3/min Nm3/min

2 4 5 9 13 17

Time from blow start, min

Cumm.
Oxygen
Blown
0 900 1700 2100 3700 5100 6800
BULK MATERIAL HANDLING SECTION

Each convertor has

• 8 bunkers.
• 4 Weigh Hoppers of (2X5 T)
and (2X1 T) capacity.
• 2 Intermediate Bunkers for
discharging into Converters.
• Lime, Calcined Dolomite, Iron
ore, Raw Dolomite and Coke
are kept in the bunkers.
 SAFETY ASPECTS OF HOT METAL
CHARGING
• Ladle top should be crust free

• Metal should be charged very slowly

• Flame from converter should be observed during

metal charging

• Charging area should be free from tresspassing

• Area below converter should not have

waterlogging
SAFETY ASPECTS FOR STARTING
THE FIRST BLOW
• Discharge hopper must be full of 500-1000Kg
lime before start of or during the blow
• Only metal to be charged in batches
After pouring 25 to 30T metal converter should
be rocked 10 degrees max. both sides slowly
• Again next hot metal charged into the converter
in two stages
• Scrap charging to be avoided in first blow
 TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF
BOF
• Operational interlocks
1. Lance water flow (minimum) > 90 m3/Hr

2. Lance water flow temp inlet outlet difference ΔT > 20°C (trip)

3. Minimum water pressure of lance cooling 12 kg/cm2

4. Oxygen flow at blow start 450 Nm3/min

5. Blowing pressure 14 kg/cm2

6. Blowing volume 350 - 450Nm3/min

LANCE MOVEMENT INTERLOCKS

• GCP Ready

• Converter vertical

• Lance cooling water temp, flow & pressure

normal

• Oxygen pressure normal

• Lance is coaxial
 EMERGENCY LIFT INTERLOCKS

• Lance cooling water temperature, pressure &

flow below normal

• Oxygen pressure is low

• Blow stop condition from GCP

CONVERTER TILTING INTERLOCKS

• Drives ready

• Lubrication healthy

• Lance in parking position 9m

• Skirt raised signal

 SSV OPEN INTERLOCKS
• Lance control selection switch is in Manual-
Remote or Auto-Remote or Computer-Remote
position
• Isolation & concerned blowing valve fully opened
• SSV control selection switch in Auto position
• Lance cooling water temperature, pressure & flow
normal
• Lance is coaxial with converter
• Oxygen pressure normal
• GCP Ready
SAFETY ASPECTS DURING BLOWING
• All interlocks should be made OK before starting of blow

• Lance tip leakage

– In case of light water leakage  Continue production
& change the lance
– Heavy water leakage  Stop the blowing process &
don’t tilt the vessel until all water evaporates and then
tilt the vessel very slowly. Change the lance.
• Hood /skirt water leakage
– In case of light water leakage  Continue
production & planned repair
– Heavy water leakage  Stop the blowing process &
do not tilt the vessel, prepare the emergency tapping.
Close the water circuit valves. Repair the leakage.
 SAFETY ASPECTS DURING
BLOWING CONTD..
• Lance stuck up in the thimble

– Clear the lance jam by lancing & change the

lance

• Bottom of the converter should be free from

waterlogging

• Lance cooling water flow and pressure has to be

monitored continuously
 SAFETY TO AVOID LANCE TIP
LEAKAGE
• Avoid charged converter for longer time to
enable quick ignition.

• Rock converter before start of blow.

• Do not move lance downward after SSV opening

before 400Nm3 oxygen flow is achieved.

• If converter holding is unavoidable keep

converter in tilted condition.
 SAFETY ASPECT OF SLAG
HANDLING

• Slag pots should never be poured so full as to

present a danger during transport

• While lifting the slag pot the crane hooks should

be properly attached

• During initial 30 – 40 blows converter should not

be over tilted during deslagging & dumping
SAFETY DURING WORKING WITH OXYGEN
• Ensure the fitness of Reducing Pressure & Metering
Station (PRMS)

• Internal rusted pipe not to be used for oxygen

transportation

• Oil and Oxygen form a dangerous combination which

can lead to serious accidents

• Use of lubricants for oxygen tools is dangerous and

therefore prohibited

• Working with leakage oxygen hoses or couplings is

prohibited
SAFETY DURING WORKING WITH OXYGEN
CONT..
• Oxygen hoses should not remain under
pressure when not in use

• Ventilation with oxygen is strongly prohibited

• Connecting pneumatic tools to oxygen pipelines

is prohibited

• All parts coming into contact with oxygen must

be completely free from oil & grease
SAFETY ASPECTS OF SAMPLING &
DESLAGGING
• Samplers should use full PPEs

• Samplers should be away during deslagging and

reblows

• After 50% deslagging sampler should take the

sample and temperature in horizontal position

• To ensure slag pot in dry condition

SAFETY ASPECTS DURING TAPPING

• All additions should be free from moisture

• Ladle should be shaken slowly during tapping

• After tapping every time lance should go to

parking position

• Converter surrounding area/below should be

free from water logging
 SLAG SPLASHING
• The slag splashing process developed to extend the life
and thereby reduce the cost of refractories in steel-
making vessels
• Initial 40 to 50 heats no slag splashing to be done
• No slag splashing with leaked lance

Schematic diagram showing slag splashing

 GCP OF CONVERTER
COOLING STACK TO POWER
ADJUSTABLE BLOWING
SKIRT GAS HOLDER
STATION BOOSTING
STATION

WET ESP

SPRAY NOZZLE
WATER FROM
STAGE 2 MANUALLY ADJUSTABLE
QUENCHER THROAT

STAGE 1 QUENCHER VENTURI

CONVERTER 3-WAY
DIRECTIONAL
ADJUSTABLE DAMPER DRY GAS
DAMPER
ANALYSER
STAGE 2 VENTURI SCRUBBER
WITH WHIRL
VANE SEPARATOR
ID FAN WATER SEAL
CHECK VALVE

FLARE STACK
 STEEL LADLE 130T

SLAG BELT ZONE

METAL ZONE

CASTABLE
MAIN PIPE
TILLTER

BELL CRANCK
FLEXIBLE PIPE

PURGING SYSTEM WITH BOTTEM POROUS POURING SYSTEM WITH SLIDE GATE M/C
PLUG
INERT GAS BOTTOM PURGING SYSTEM IN STEEL
LADLE USED IN SECONDARY TREATMENT

SEATING BLOCK

INSERT

PURGING PLUG

SPACER RING

SLEEVE

PACKING MATTERIAL

ADOPTER DRUM

BAYOU NUT & GATE

I - BOLT
 MINIMUM LADLE REQUIREMENT
FOR TAPPING

ONE SLAB CASTER 3 LADLES

TWO SLAB CASTERS 5 LADLES
THREE SLAB CASTERS 7 LADLES
ONE BLOOM CASTER 4 LADLES
ONE BLOOM CASTER + COMBI CASTER 4 +3 = 7 LADLES
ONE BLOOM CASTER + ONR SLAB CASTER = 4 + 3 = 7 LADLES
ONE BLOOM CASTER + TWO SLAB CASTER = 4 + 5 = 9 LADLES
ONE BLOOM CASTER + THREE SLAB CASTERS = 4 + 7 = 11 LADLES
ONE BLOOM CASTER + ONE COMBI CASTER = TWO SLAB CASTERS = 7 + 5
Or 12 LADLES
IN CASE LADLE THROUGH VAD OR THREE CONVERTERS ADD ONE LADLE
 DIFFERENT ROUTE TO FEED CCP

• BOF ARS LF CCP

• BOF ARS VAD CCP
• BOF ARS CCP
• BOF ARS RH CCP
• BOF ARS LF RH CCP
ARGON RINSING STATION (ARS)

Argon
bubbles

• There are 03 nos. ARS of 130t capacity each.

• Steel is purged by argon through refractory
Lance.
• There is provision of Al wire feeding.
• Small amount of alloys can be added at this
station.
• Temperature & sampling can be done manually.
LADLE FURNACE
 LADLE FURNACE (LF)
Heating unit

Stirring lance (backup)

Wire injection
feeders
Addition hole

There are 02 nos. LF of capacity 130t each.

Exhaust
hood
It is equipped with :

Ladle with steel •28 MVA transformer

•Heating rate 5OC / min
Bottom Stirring
•Wire feeding
•Alloying system
Transfer car •Average No. of heats/day 28 (32 max)
 LF SAFETY POINTS

• No hood leakage

• Ladle should be free from ring jam and mouth

jam

• LF car should be switched off during plugging

and unplugging of porous plug
 RH DEGASSER

• Type Fixed treatment station

• Heat capicity (tons) 130
• Minimum vacuum level 0.1 mbar
• Final hydrogen content <1.5 ppm
• Design capacity (heats per 24
• Vacuum system Steam
• 7ejectors and 3condensers
• Circulation speed (T /min.) 110/min
• Preheating temperature of RH vessel 1400 °C with gas fired burner lance
• Lift gas Argon
TECHNOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
&
SAFETY ASPECTS

CCP
 CONTINUOUS CASTING PLANT (CCP)
4 Slab caster
2 Bloom Caster
DIAMOLD Tube Mold Design

Hydraulic Oscillator

Slab
 FEATURES OF BLOOM & SLAB
CASTERS

Caster No. Cross Section Speed No. of Strands

Machine 1/Slab 200X1280 1. 25m/min 1
Machine2/Slab 250X1800 0.70m/min 1
Machine3/Slab 250X1800 0.70m/min 1
Machine4/Bloom 320X340 1.30m/min 3
Machine5/Bloom 300X340 0.75m/min 4
Machine6/Slab 220X1600 0.80 – 2.0 m/min 1
 SLAB CASTER 6
Productivity Features
Ladle Capacity Ladle Capacity 110 ton average

Tap to Tap Time 60min average from BOF

Nominal Prod Hourly 110 ton/h -

Nominal Prod Yearly 800,000 ton/y

Casting Speed 0.8 m/min Minimum

2.0 m/min maximum

Sequence index 10 -
(average)
Restranding Time 912 hours (38 days) -
 SLAB CASTER 6
Product Features
Slab Width 1100 mm Minimum
1800 mm Maximum

Normal Slab Thickness 220 mm -

Slab Length 5000-11000 mm (Slab length in line)

1800-3550 mm (Slab length to feed plate
mill)
 GENERAL SAFETY

1. Personal protective equipments (PPE)

• Safety helmet
• Safety shoe
• Fire retardant apron
• Canvas and leather hand gloves
• Ankle guard
• Goggles
• Face shield
 GENERAL SAFETY (CONTD)
2. First aid kit box with medical supplies

3. Fire extinguishers /fire hydrants

gas type ,powder type and foam type

4. Inert(clean)gas –control pulpit, electrical room, MCC &

PLC room casting platform, control room, computer rooms,
hydraulic room, grease room, cable ducts & false ceiling

5. Display board for telephone numbers of Fire Brigade &

Ambulance

6. Do not cross red hot billets during casting

 PROCESS EQUIPMENTS AND
SAFETY ASPECTS
1. RECEIVING LADLE FROM ARS/LF

• Ensure proper fixing of ladle crane hooks in trunnions

• Check Main Hoist Brake before lifting the heat

• Ensure that no hot spot is there on ladle shell

• Ensure nobody is there under ladle movement area

 PROCESS EQUIPMENTS AND
SAFETY ASPECTS
2. TURRET
• Ensure Turret arm in lower position

• Place the Ladle slowly & without jerk

• Ensure audio and visual signal of turret movement

• Ensure no oil leakage from hose of slide gate system

 PROCESS EQUIPMENTS AND
SAFETY ASPECTS (CONTD)
3. TUNDISH
• Ensure proper heating of permanent lining before taking it
for application of working lining (if freshly done)

• Ensure 2 / 3 hrs. heating of working lining (upto 1000

deg.cent.) before taking it for casting

• Fix emergency nozzle closing device

• Nozzle centering to be done very carefully to avoid

breakage of nozzle(in case of closed casting)
 PROCESS EQUIPMENTS AND
SAFETY ASPECTS (CONTD)
4. MOULD COOLING WATER
i) In case of mould cooling water leakage in the
mould stop casting immediately in that mould
ii) ∆T of mould cooling water (should be < 15°C)
iii) ∆P of mould cooling water (should be > 3 bar)
SECTION SIZE FLOW ( LPM ) PRESSURE ( BAR )

Inlet Outlet

100x100 1400 7.0 2.2

120x120 1600 7.0 2.2
150x150 1800 7.0 2.2
 EMERGENCY SITUATIONS &
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
1. LADLE THROUGH:
Situation 1: Slide gate plate leakage
1. Close slide gate if possible
2. Take turret arm with ladle to up position

3. Ensure other turret arm is free from ladle crane

4. Rotate ladle to emergency position

5. Inform fire brigade

 EMERGENCY SITUATIONS &
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
1. LADLE THROUGH:
Situation 2: Ladle shell breakout
1. Close slide gate
2. Take turret arm with ladle to up position
3. Ensure other turret arm is free from ladle crane
4. Rotate ladle to emergency position
5. Switch off power pack of ladle slide gate
system
6. Lift ladle with the help of crane & place in safe
area
7. Inform fire brigade
 EMERGENCY SITUATIONS &
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
1. LADLE THROUGH:
Situation 3: Ladle slide gate failure

1. Use emergency closure system (by power pack

accumulator)

2. Take turret arm with ladle to up position

3. Ensure other turret arm is free from ladle crane

4. Rotate ladle to emergency position

5. If ladle slide gate is not closed inform fire brigade

 EMERGENCY SITUATIONS &
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
2. TUNDISH FAILURE:
Situation 1: Stopper rod failure
1. Operate emergency tundish nozzle closure. If
metal is arrested continue casting in other strands. If metal
is not arrested then abort casting
i) Close ladle slide gate
ii) Rotate ladle to loading position
iii) Lift tundish and move tundish car to
emergency position
iv) Inform fire brigade & spray water on Hot metal
spillage
v) Switch off hydraulic system of tundish car
 EMERGENCY SITUATIONS &
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
2. TUNDISH FAILURE:
Situation 2: Tundish shell breakout
1. If possible use emergency launder

2. Close ladle slide gate

3. Rotate ladle turret to loading position

4. Move tundish car to emergency position

5. Inform Fire Brigade & spray water on spilled metal

6. Switch off hydraulic system of tundish car

 EMERGENCY SITUATIONS &
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
2. TUNDISH FAILURE:
Situation 3: Tundish nozzle breakage
1. If possible use emergency launder

2. Close ladle slide gate

3. Rotate ladle turret to loading position

4. Move tundish car to emergency position

5. Inform Fire Brigade & spray water on spilled metal

6. Switch off hydraulic system of tundish car

 EMERGENCY SITUATIONS &
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN
3. MOULD COOLING WATER FAILURE:

1. Close ladle slide gate

2. Rotate ladle to loading position

3. Close tundish nozzles

4. Abort casting , move tundish car to emergency

position

5. Immediately take out billet from the mould

 EMERGENCY SITUATIONS &
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN (CONTD)
4. SECONDARY WATER FAILURE:
1. Close ladle slide gate

2. Rotate ladle to emergency position

3. Close tundish nozzles

4. Abort casting ,move tundish car to parking position

5. Take out billets slowly

 EMERGENCY SITUATIONS &
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN (CONTD)
5. TORCH CUTTING MACHINE:
Situation 1: Fire due to bursting of gas hose

1. Close gas valve of respective torch cutting

machines

2. Use fire extinguisher & inform fire brigade

3. Stop casting in respective strand

 EMERGENCY SITUATIONS &
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN (CONTD)
6. TOTAL POWER FAILURE:
Situation : Open Casting
1. Plug all tundish nozzles

2. Ensure ladle slide gate closing & rotate it to

loading position

3. Ensure emergency mould water flow

4. Move tundish car to parking position

 GCM-4 AUTOMATION AT SBS

TASK : LONG SLABS FROM CCS ARE TO BE CUT IN

THREE EQUAL PIECES.
• TWO LASER SENSORS SENSES SLAB EDGES AT
TWO ENDS TO CALCULATE TOTAL LENGTH.
• TWO LASER SENSORS ARE MONITORING TORCH
POSITIONS.
• TORCHES ARE AUTOMATICALLY POSITIONED.
• RECORDING OF ALL DATA.
 NEW PRODUCTS DEVELOPED
NAME OF GRADE
ULTRA-HIGH STRENGTH SAILMA-
550 HI/600 HI STEEL IMPORT
SUBSTITUTE AGAINST
QUENCHED & TEMPERED STEEL
DMR-249 GRADE A & GRADE B
STEEL (WITH IMPACT
TOUGHNESS AT ULTRA LOW
TEMP.)
HIGH STRENGTH SAIL-HITEN 690
AR STEELIMPORT SUBSTITUE
AGAINST QUENCHED &
TEMPERED STEEL
HIGH TENSILE STEEL AS PER
GRADE EN-10025 S355 NL FOR
THICKER GAUGE PLATES UPTO
100 MM THICKNESS
APPLICATION ANALYSIS
HYDRO-ELECTRIC PROJECT
(PENSTOCK) UNDER BEAS
C: 0.18-0.20, Mn: 1.50-1.60, Nb:
VALLEY POWER
0.05-0.07, V: 0.14-0.16
CORPORATION, fgekpy izns’k
IMPORT SUBSTITUTE FOR
C: 0.08-0.10, Mn: 1.55-1.65, S: <
INDIAN NAVY INDIGENOUS
0.010, Nb: 0.04-0.05, Ni: 0.70-
AIRCRAFT CARRIER FOR AIR
0.90
DEFENCE
BANKING SECTOR (ATM C: 0.20-0.22, Mn: 1.55-1.60, V:
CHEST). 0.16-0.18
WIND MILL TOWERS (WITH C: 0.06-0.08, Mn: 1.50-1.60, S: <
GUARANTEED ULTRASONIC 0.010, Nb: 0.04-0.05, Ni: 0.40-
SOUNDNESS) 0.50
 NEW PRODUCTS DEVELOPED
NAME OF GRADE APPLICATION ANALYSIS

LOW CARBON WEATHER

BOX-N-WAGONS OF INDIAN C: <0.10, P: 0.080-0.100, Cu: 0.40-
RESISTANT STEEL AS PER IRS
RAILWAYS 0.50, Cr: 0.40-0.50, Ni: 0.30-0.40
M-41

HIGH STRENGTH WEAR C: 0.63-0.68, Mn: 1.20-1.30, Cr:

DEDICATED FREIGHT CORRIDOR
RESISTANT 110 UTS RAIL 0.60-0.70, V: 0.10-0.15, Nb & Ti
RAILS OF INDIAN RAILWAYS
STEEL TREATED

CORROSION RESISTANT RAILS

COPPER-MOLYBDENUM C: 0.65-0.70, Mn: 1.10-1.20, Cu:
OF INDIAN RAILWAYS IN
ALLOYED RAIL STEEL 0.25-0.35, Mo: 0.20-0.30
COASTAL AREAS

CORROSION RESISTANT RAILS C: 0.64-0.69, Mn: 1.05-1.15, Ni:

NICKEL-COPPER-CHROMIUM
OF INDIAN RAILWAYS IN 0.25-0.40,Cu: 0.30-0.40, Cr: 0.50-
ALLOYED RAIL STEEL
COASTAL AREAS 0.65